LICHENS AND THE NATURALIST. 59 



prevent abrasion, and placed in tlie bottom of the vas- 

 culum or satchel ; on top of these place tlie bark-lichens, 

 and finally, uppermost, the foliose and fruticose' 

 lichens. Or the rock and bark-lichens may be placed 

 in the box as indicated, while the large lichens may be^ 

 placed in a special folio made of two broad thhi boards 

 or heavy pasteboard, with a back and suitable handles. 

 The lichens should be spread between folded sheets of 

 paper (newspaper or any other), care being taken not 

 to crush them while dry ; if dry, moisten them, when . 

 they may be pressed in any position without injury. 



2. The collector will require the following instru- 

 ments to aid him in securing specimens : a. A good, 

 large jack-knife for securing bark-lichens, especially 

 the crustose forms. This should be quite sharp and 

 may be carried in the pocket, b. A hammer of 

 medium size, and a cold-chisel of medium size for 

 securing crustose rock-lichens. These might be car- 

 ried in a leathern pouch, such as is used by geologists, 

 which would also serve to carry the rock-specimens. 

 c. A carpenter's chisel, or a table-knife, will be found 

 convenient for removing large foliose lichens from 

 rocks, fences and trees. 



It now only remains to give some general advice as 

 to where and how to collect. From what has been 

 said of the distribution of lichens, it is known that 

 mountainous and wooded districts yield the richest 

 harvest ; thickly populated and open districts are the 

 poorest in the variety of fine specimens. It is never 

 advisable to proceed from a poor district to one rich 

 in species. It is only a waste of time' and energy to 



