98 GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF LICHENS. 



it lias been used, boiled in milk or syrup, in whooping- 

 coush and other chest affections in children. In Thu- 

 ringia, a decoction has been used in the treatment of 

 intermittent fevers." — Lindsay, 



18. Cladonia digitata. Primary thallus large, rarely 

 branching, minutely lobed with crenate margin. Pode- 

 tia medium in length, from slender to thick, expanded 

 into an irregular cup with incurved margin ; secondary 

 branches show a palmate, one-sided development from 

 the margin of the cup, that is, some of the secondary 

 branches remain rudimentary. Apothecia usually borne 

 on, secondary branches, rarely on short stalks ; conflu- 

 ent. Disk convex or slightly concave, scarlet. 



19. Cladonia gracilis. Primary thallus of rather 

 large scattering lobes, branching usually once or twice. 

 Podetia long, slender, variable, sometimes simple and 

 pointed, again more or less branching, sometimes bear- 

 ing rather small cups from which one or more branches 

 of considerable size develop. Apothecia medium, on 

 short stalks. Disk convex, brown. 



20. Cladonia fimhriata. Primary thallus rather 

 large, more or less scattered, usually once or twice di- 

 vided, margin crenate. Podetia usually long, slender, 

 sparsely branched, sometimes terminating in a cup, 

 attenuately pointed, rarely bearing thalfoid lobules, 

 white, smooth or granular, becoming decorticate. Apo- 

 thecia terminal on small branches from the margin of 

 the cups, medium, confluent. Disk convex, brown. 



21. Cladonia verticillata. Primary thalli sparingly 

 present. Lobes from small to medium, more or less 

 orbicular, scattering. Podetia from medium to very 



