306 THE HANDBOOK FOE PRACTICAL J^^ARMERS 



Chest. — Full in front, good width between front legs, well 

 sprung back of the shoulders. 



Back. — Straight and strong carried back to tail setting. 



Middle. — Deep well arched ribs, giving capacity for feed. 



Loin. — Grood width and carried strong. 



Hips. — Broad and angular. 



Rump. — Broad and level showing strength and capacity. 



Thighs. — Lean and clean cut, allowing ample room for udder. 



Legs. — Straight and strong. 



Udder. — Well developed front and rear with teats of good 

 size placed squarely. Quality of udder soft and pliable. 



Milk veins. — Large, and crooked. 



General quality. — Clean cut features. Soft mellow skin and 

 fine soft hair, clean cut bone. 



Faults to avoid in selection of a cow. — Long narrow heads, 

 narrow chests, shallow body, short heavy neck, coarse withers, 

 sway back, narrow hips, steep rump, flat ribs, unbalanced udder, 

 fleshy udder, small teats, crooked legs, and coarse hair, hide and 

 bone. 



Judging dairy bulls. — In general, the dairy bull resembles the 

 dairy cow in conformation except that he shows masculine char- 

 acter and the cow shows feminine character. 



The same general plan should be followed in judging. The 

 bull should represent the breed in general character. He should 

 be strong, rugged and masculine. He should be well developed 

 in the chest insuring a good constitution, also in spring and 

 depth of rib indicating a good feed capacity. Masculinity is 

 shown in a clean cut strong well proportioned head, also well 

 developed neck and crest. The shoulder should be strong but 

 smooth and laid in nicely at the withers. The chest should be 

 well developed back of the shoulder. The back should be 

 straight and strong. Ribs well sprung and deep. Hips strong, 

 rump level and tail set level. The legs should be of medium 

 length and properly set. Crooked legs are to be avoided. It is 

 unreasonable to expect a bull to transmit good conformation to 

 his offspring if he does not possess it himself. In the selection 

 of a breeding bull, take the one showing the most desirable con- 

 formation coupled with heavy production in his ancestry. 



A good looking bull with poor production records back of him 

 will prove to be a detriment rather than a help in the good pro- 

 ducing dairy herd. Much emphasis should be placed on both 

 type and production in the selection of the herd bull. 



