150 



HA.XDT-BOOK OP HUSBANDRY. 



Fig. 67, of which the working parts are made entirely of wrought 

 iron and steel. The draft is very much lighter than that of 



Fig. 67. 



the wing plow, described above, and it is much easier to manage 

 it on stony land. 



This is the most deceptive implement used in agriculture. It 



looks as though it would produce but little effect in a heavy clay 



subsoil, yet in actual trial it produces more commotion in the 



Fig. 6s. ground than any other sub- 



soiler that I have seen used. 



The total rise given to the 



earth at the level of the 



\^==^ i _ plow foot is hardly more 



^^ , V than an inch, but it so 



' -^— =^ completely crushes the soil 



above it, and for considerable distance on each side, that it leaves 

 the bottom of the furrow raised in a ridge three or four inches 

 high. The action of this foot is both upward and sidewise, the 

 soil being loosened, very much as shown in the shaded portion of 

 Fig. 68. 



On land that needs draining, subsoiling is of no use, at least its 

 effect is not permanent enough to make it pay ; but in a soil that 

 is (either naturally or artificially) well underdrained, I know of no 

 operation connected with the cultivation of the land, except drain- 



