RKDHORNS. 



14-9 



informs me it is abundant at Kylemore Lake, 

 in Connemara, and that she captured a pair 

 at ClydachjOntheeast shore of Lougli Cm-rib. 

 It has not been observed in the I>le of Man 

 or in Scotland. In England it is very gene- 

 rally distributed, but is rather a southern than 

 a northern species. The following notes on 

 the subject are interesting : 



Cumberland, Northumberland, and West- 

 moreland. The reports from these counties 

 omit the species altogether; but Mr. Stainton 

 gives the letters L. D. thus in italic capitals, 

 which, at page 9 of the " Manual" he ex- 

 plains as meaning that the insect has occurred 

 in the Lake District of Cumberland and West- 

 moreland ; but it is not found there every year. 



Dorsetshire. Glanville's Wooton ; it has 

 nearly disappeared : buckthorn is very rare 

 with us J. C. Dale. 



Durham. Single specimens have been taken 

 at Darlington, but neither species of buckthorn 

 grows in the northern parts of the county 

 W. Mating; once at Darlington; probably 

 its extreme northern locality, as the food- 

 plants of the caterpillar, Rhamnus catharticua 

 and R. frangula, although not rare in York- 

 shire, barely reach the southern parts of 

 Durham George Wailes. 



Cornwall. Everywhere in the county 

 Stephen Clogg ; plentiful in woody vales in 

 the neighbourhood of Plymouth, and in simi- 

 lar places throughout Devon and Cornwall 

 J. J. Reading ; " South limit of Rhamnus 

 catliarticus, in (Devon?) Dorset, Wight, Kent" 

 II. C. Watson, "Cybele Britannica" vol. i, 

 p. 273 ; " South limit of Rliamnus frangula 

 in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent" H. C. 

 Watson, at page 274 of the same work ; " the 

 south limit of Khamnus frangula mayperhaps 

 be extended to Cornwall, on the authority of 

 F. P. Pascoe" H. C. Watson, at pae 404 

 of vol. iv. of the same work. Probably no 

 English county has been better bo tanised than 

 Cornwall, and yet there is no record of the 

 common buckthorn having occurred there, and 

 only one of the rarer species. I introduce 

 this observation, because it is anomalous for a 

 butterfly to occur plentifully where its food- 

 plant is absent, or excessively rare. 



Family 10. SWALLOW-TAILS (iu science .Pa 



The caterpi liar is smooth and cylindrical 

 it has a bifid organ in the neck, which it can 

 protrude at pleasure. The chrysalis is girted 

 and attached by the tail ; its head is eared or 

 bifid. The butterfly has rather long, straight, 

 and clubbed antennae, and tailed hind wings. 



Qbs. I have absolutely no knowledge of the 

 extent or contents of the family Papilionidce 

 or the genus Papilio, nor can I form any satis- 

 factory notion of what would be considered 

 the essential characters of either. My readers 

 will, therefore, kindly accept my brief 

 characters as applying only to the single 

 species with whose life-history I am familiar. 

 Dr. Horsfield, certainly the most learned 

 author on the Pedunculated Lepidoptera with 

 whose works I am acquainted, combines the 

 twenty-one genera differentiated by Hubner 

 into one genus Papilio. He divides his 

 chilognathifonn group, corresponding in a 

 measure with my vermiform Order, into two 

 sections, which he calls A and B. A com- 

 prises the English genera Rhodocera, Colias, 

 Pieris, and Aporio ; and B combines the 

 doubtfully British Doritis, with Papilio Ma- 

 chaon. 



52. SWALLOW-TAIL. The costal margin of 

 the fore wings is decidedly arched, the tip 

 pointed, but not sharply so, and the hind 

 margin slightly waved ; the hind margin of 

 the hind wings is scalloped and tailed. The 

 ground colour of all the wings is yellow, but 

 a large portion is occupied by black markings, 

 which again are powdered with yellow scales ; 

 all the wings have a black blotch at the base 

 and a broad hind-marginal band of the same 

 colour : all the wing-rays are black, and on 

 the costal margin of the fore wings are three 

 squarish black blotches ; in the black hind- 

 marginal band of the fore wings is a series of 

 eight yellow oblong spots, and in the hind- 

 marginal band of the hind wings is a series of 

 six blue clouds and two series of yellow 

 crescents, six in each ; the outer part of these 

 occupies the extreme fore margin : at the anal 

 angle of the hind wings is a conspicuous round 

 red spot, the upper edge of which is adorned 



