ARGUMENT OF CHARLES B. WARREN. 1037 



A half-century before any settlement in North America by the 

 English, the French had explored the St. Lawrence River, and later 

 they established the first settlement at Quebec. They moved up the 

 St. Lawrence, and on to Lake Huron, established trading posts and 

 constructed forts along the Great Lakes, and crossed from Lake 

 Michigan to the Mississippi River. 



In the territory bordering the North Atlantic, at the beginning of 

 the eighteenth century, Great Britain claimed alone Newfoundland, 

 by virtue of the discovery of Cabot. The English settlements were 

 largely to the south, in what is now a part of the United States of 

 America. 



But while the English colonised the country, built homes and devel- 

 oped villages, the French girdled them about with a chain of forti- 

 fications and military posts. 



The " War of the Spanish Succession " broke out in Europe in 1710 



and spread to America, where it was known as " Queen Anne's War." 



In 1710 Acadie was taken by the English. The name of Port Royal 



was changed to Annapolis, in honour of Queen Anne, the English 



Queen; and the name of Acadie was changed to Nova Scotia. 



624 The Peace of Utrecht, in 1713, ended this war. England 



received all the territory surrounding Hudson's Bay, Acadie, 



and the undisputed possession of Newfoundland. 



In 1740, the "War of the Austrian Succession" broke out in 

 Europe, and it was known in America, where it spread, as "King 

 George's War." This once more embroiled the English and the 

 French in America in war, as they were already embroiled in 

 Europe. The possession of the fisheries moved the inhabitants of 

 New England to invade the French territories in America, and Louis- 

 burg was captured by a force organised in the colony of Massachu- 

 setts and adjoining colonies. By the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 

 however, in 1748, all territory acquired or conquered in New France 

 was restored to the French crown. 



In 1755, war broke out between the French and the English in 

 America. This war became known as the "French and Indian war." 

 It spread from America across the Atlantic, in the other direction 

 this time, and in Europe was known as the " Seven Years War." 



In 1759, in September, we all recall that Wolfe scaled the Heights 

 of Abraham, and lost his life, but won Canada for England. When 

 the treaty in 1763 was made between England and France, England 

 received the undisputed possession of Quebec, which subsequently 

 was divided into Lower and Upper Canada ; received the undisputed 

 possession of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton; the undisputed posses- 

 sion of Prince Edward's Island, then known as St. John's Island; 

 the undisputed possession of all the islands in the Gulf of St. Law- 

 rence; and had already acquired, under the treaty of 1713 with the 



