1208 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION. 



Azuni, " The Maritime Law of Europe," first published in 1796, 

 citing from the American edition of 1806, sec. 15, p. 205; British 

 extract, pp. 2 and 3: 



" It would be reasonable, then, in my opinion, .... to determine, 

 definitely, that the jurisdiction of the territorial sea shall extend no 

 farther than three miles from the land, which is, without dispute, the 

 greatest distance to which the force of gunpowder can carry a ball or 

 bomb." 



Sir Travers Twiss, " Law of Nations," first published in 1861, 

 citing from edition of 1884, p. 292 ; United States extract, p. 1 : 



" That distance, as between Nation and Nation, .... is by practice 

 since the introduction of firearms identified with that distance, over 

 which a nation can command obedience to its Empire by the fire of 

 its cannon (14). That distance, by consent, is now taken to be a 

 Maritime League seawards along all the coasts of a Nation." 



Pradier-Fodere, " Traite de Droit International Public," published 

 in 1885, sec. 632 ; United States extract, p. 8 : 



" Thus, whilst the line of cannon shot heretofore was minimal it is 

 to-day considered ordinarily as three miles." 



728 Fiore, "Le Droit International Codifie," first published in 

 1890, sec. 205 ; United States extract, p. 1 : 



" The territorial sea embraces the waters washing the coast of a 

 state to a distance determined by the necessities of defence, .... By 

 customary law the territorial sea extends to three miles from low 

 water mark." 



Bivier, " Principles du Droit des Gens," published in 1896, vol. 1, 

 p. 146 ; United States extract, p. 2 : 



" .... a distance of a marine league, that is three marine miles. 

 This distance, calculated from low water mark, corresponds to what, 

 in former years, was the cannon range." 



Ferguson, "Manual of International Law," published in 1884, p. 

 399: 



" This distance is presumed to be the range of the coast defences, 

 but on the maxim that terrae dominium finitur ubi finitur armorum 

 vis, it should be stated to extend to any point on the sea to which the 

 cannon of actual coast defences on shore can carry a projectile. But 

 as the carrying power of any given cannon is such a vague measure, 

 the three mile radius is generally adopted. The miles here referred 

 to are nautical miles (miles. Seemeilen) , sixty of which are equivalent 

 to an equatorial degree, and measure nearly 1,852 meters." 



Stoerk, in Holtzendorf , "Handbuch des Volkerrechts," published in 

 1887, vol. II, p. 474 ; United States extract, p. 14 : 



" The United States in 1793 declared the sea to a distance of 1 sea 

 mile (3 English miles) as under their protection. But art. 25 of the 



