1954 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION. 



" inhabitants of the United States " would be identical with the con- 

 cept of citizens of one of the thirteen States; or, notwithstanding 

 this article 4, and notwithstanding the protocol you have just referred 

 to, would the concept of " inhabitants of the United States " be a 

 larger one than the concept of the citizens of the thirteen States? 



SENATOR ROOT : I should think that there was no idea of limitation 

 to the citizens of the thirteen States, for several reasons. In the first 

 place, it was well known that in 1783 the territory which was included 

 within the boundaries then established by that treaty covered a vast 

 area not included within the limits of the original States. The in- 

 habitants of the United States, or the inhabitants who were to have 

 this right, included a great area not strictly within the State limits. 

 It was property held under the rights of the different States and 

 ceded to the United States. Then, when you come to 1818, there had 

 already been an enormous enlargement beyond that. Louisiana had 

 been purchased in 1803, and there was the great Louisiana territory 

 and the north-west territory stretching out to the west with indefinite 

 limits that no one knew, unsurveyed, to a great extent unexplored, 

 being part of the territory of the United States, and the inhabitants 

 of those different States all pushing out into it. Then it is of the 

 nature of a State to change its territories, and the loosely com- 

 1183 pacted organisation of 1778, which existed when the 1783 treaty 

 was made, had disappeared in 1818, and there was this closely 

 compacted Empire whose citizens were quite independent of residence 

 in one State or another and had scattered widely over this great area. 

 So I hardly think that we can find any limitation to a specific terri- 

 tory. 



THE PRESIDENT: So that, in 1818, the term "inhabitants of the 

 United States" embraced also persons who were not citizens of one 

 of the different States if they had a residence in the territory of the 

 United States? 



SENATOR ROOT: Yes. 



DR. DRACO: May I draw your attention to the fact that in the 

 Treaty of Peace of 1783, article 3, the words " people of the United 

 States" and "inhabitants of the United States" are used as con- 

 vertible terms. 



SENATOR ROOT : That is true. 



DR. DRAGO : Article 3 says that 



" the People of the United States shall continue to enjoy unmolested 

 the right to take Fish of every kind." 



It further says : 



"And also that the inhabitants of the United States shall have lib- 

 erty to take fish of every kind." 



" the Inhabitants of both Countries." 



