LITTORINA. 241 



in being much thinner, with coarser sculpture. The coloring varies 

 to greenish grey, orange-yellow or reddish, the lighter colors often 

 without a band ; one variety is white, with a broad chocolate band 



The synonyms include L. Kurila and L. subtenebrosa, Middend., 

 L. cineta, Gould=L. Gouldiana, Weink., L. castanea, Ads. & 

 Reeve, L. rudis, Cooper, L. tenebrosa, Schrenck, L. Mandschurica, 

 Schrenck (fig. 86), a depressed variety. 

 Var. BREVICULA, Phil. Figs. 89, 90, 12. 



Whorls somewhat slopingly flattened above, the last with from 3 

 to 5 spiral ribs, and smaller, more numerous ones on the base, the 

 principal ribs subnodulous ; olivaceous or brownish, variegated and 

 strigated with white. 



L. balteata, Reeve, and L. Souverbiana, Crosse (fig. 90), are 

 synonyms. 



North China. 

 Var. ALEUTICA, Dall. Fig. 91. 



Spire depressed, the nodules on the ribs more developed. 



Aleutian Is. 

 L. RUDIS, Donovan. PI. 41, figs. 92-4. 



Shell very solid, with -short, sharp spire, smoothish, usually 

 spirally linearly grooved ; whitish, varying to orange-red, with 

 sometimes a -lighter or darker peripheral band ; columella callous, 

 flattened. Length, 15-22 mill. 



Northern Europe and North Coast of the United States, 



L. zonaria, Bean, and L. simplex, Reeve (fig. 96), from Cape Verd 

 Is., are synonyms. 



A very unstable species, as the following varieties testify : 

 Var. OBLIGATA, Say. Fig. 94. 



Whorls more convex and thinner, spirally obsoletely ridged ; 

 columella broadly dilated, aperture a little produced below. 



Greenland, New England. 



L. castanea, Desh., L. sulcata and L. Grcenlandica, Menke, L. in- 

 carnata, Loven, L. eostulata, Midd., and L. litorea, Fabr., are syno- 

 nyms. 

 Var. NIGRILINEATA, Gray. Fig. 95. 



The engraved lines black. 

 Var. JUGOSA, Mont. 



Smaller than usual, with strong, sharp spiral ridges, variable in 

 number, and sometimes alternately larger and smaller. 



Perhaps not distinct from Var. obligatai 

 16 



