SCAPHANDER. 245 



S. LIGNARIUS Linne. PI. 31, figs. 21, 22, 23, 17. 



Shell large, solid, ovate, attenuated above, abruptly truncated at 

 the narrow vertex, dilated below. Surface unevenly grooved 

 throughout, the grooves much closer above and below. Aperture as 

 long as the shell, widely sinused above, where the excavated outer 

 lip is inserted on the calloused, concave vertex ; much dilated below, 

 and effuse. Columella very concave, bordered by an even reflexion 

 of callus which continues up the parietal wall to the vertex. 

 Viewed from the base, all the whorls are seen within the spiral turns 

 of the columella. Color rich reddish brown. Alt. GO mill. 



Atlantic Ocean from Norway to Gibraltar; Mediterranean Sea. 



Bulla llgnaria LINN., Syst. xii, p. 1184. Scaphander lignarins 

 MONTF., Conch. Syst. ii, p. 334. JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch, iv, p. 443, 

 v, p. 224, pi. 95, f. 5. BUQ., DAUTZ. & DOLLF., Moll. Mar. Rouss. 

 i, p. 536, pi. 63, f. 1-3. SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv. p. 292, pi. 1 8, 

 f. 7 (Shell), pi. 26, f. 4 (Animal) ; pi. xi, f. 13 (dentition, anatomy). 

 Assula convoluta SCHUM., Essai, etc., p. 258. S. giganteus Risso, 

 Hist. Nat. Eur. Mer. iv, p. 51, pi. 2, f. 12. S. targionius Risso, t. c. 

 pi. 2, f. 13. brownii LEACH, Syn. Moll. G. B. p. 40. Gicenia 

 sicula BRUG., Encycl. Meth. i, p. 502. 



Of this common and well known species we have given above but 

 few references to books, but most of the others may be found in the 

 works cited. It is the largest of the genus. Its food, according to 

 Mme. Jeannette Power (Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xx, p. 335) con- 

 sists of Dentalium, the shells of which are triturated by means of 

 the solid gizzard-plates. 



Var. minuscula Monts. Small and pale colored, sometimes reddish 



above. 



Yar. targionia Risso. Rather less swollen than the typical form. 

 Yar. brittanica Monts. Moderate sized, shorter and more swollen 



than the type. Atlantic (pi. 31, fig. 17). 

 Yar. curia Jeffr. Very small and short. 



Var. hidalgoi B. D. D. Small, deep brown, with more numerous 



and closer spiral striae (fig. 22). 

 Var. alba Jeffr. Entirely white, with a creamy cuticle. 



Fossil forms of this species have been described under the names 

 S. sublignarius Orb., S. grateloupii Mich., and S.fortisii Grat. (not 

 Brong.). It is wide spread in the Pliocene of Europe. 

 17 



