288 MAJOR A. E. OXLEY ON THE INFLUENCE OF MOLECULAE 



indication as to the outer regions of the atom which determine the valency forcives. 

 Hence, in spite of the disclosure of the X-ray methods, it is maintained that within a 

 crystalline medium the molecules, though distorted, are still essentially integral units 

 and that it is possible to imagine a surface enclosing each (pp. 270-277). 



(VIII.) The smallness of the nucleus disclosed by recent work on radio-activity 

 suggests that in addition to the part played by the magnetic forces in crystallization, 

 these forces are in part responsible for chemical combination (footnote, p. 274). 

 The theory of chemical combination developed by Sir J. J. THOMSON implies the 

 transference of electrons from one atom to another whereby the atoms become 

 oppositely charged. Such a transference of the valency electrons implies a com- 

 plete readjustment of the magnetic property and therefore this property could not 

 be of an additive nature. This is borne out by a large amount of experimental 

 evidence. 



If the chemical combination takes place without a transference of the valency 

 electrons from one atom to another, which probably happens in many organic 

 compounds in which electrolytic dissociation does not take place, we might expect the 

 magnetic properties to be more or less of an additive nature. PASCAL'S work confirms 

 this view (pp. 277-281). 



(IX.) The author lias previously shown that the magneton may be # constituent of 

 the diamagnetic hydrogen molecule. It appears that this idea may be extended to 

 carbon and the hydrocarbons in general, where the molecular susceptibility can be 

 directly calculated from the atomic susceptibilities of the component atoms. The 

 results, however, are not so convincing when extended to other elements, but the fact 

 that departures from the additive law occur in such cases leads us to suppose that 

 some disturbing influence has been neglected. WKISS'S work on salts of the ferro- 

 magnetic elements, taken in conjunction with our present conception of diamagnetism, 

 suggests that diamagnetic substances contain magnetons, compensated so as to 

 produce a diamagnetic effect of the medium in bulk. The forces of chemical 

 combination may, however, perturb this state, and by rearranging the magnetic elements 

 give rise to a compound possessing more magnetons than are contained in an unbalanced 

 state in a ferro-magnetic element. Examples of this are given and also of the reverse 

 effect which may equally well arise (pp. 281-282). 



(X.) The principle of the continuity of magnetic induction, as applied to the local 

 molecular forcive, suggests a possible interpretation of known anomalies of the 

 magnetic rotational effect. In paramagnetic solutions, the dextro-gyric or Isevo-gyric 

 property is attributed to a differential effect of the reversed local field and the applied 

 field over rotationally active electrons, the sign of the effect depending on the 

 direction of the resultant field acting over these electrons. 



The very powerful rotational effect of thin films of iron, nickel and cobalt, in 

 comparison with that shown by carbon bisulphide, has also received an interpretation 

 in terms of the local molecular forcive (pp. 282-286). 



