APPARATUS AND MATERIALS. 



An equally effective vertical stand, when the lens 

 is required to point only in a vertical direction, can be 

 made at a nominal cost out of a packing case. 



Let A represent the packing case, B 

 a solid piece of planking screwed on to 

 the inside of one end, C a second solid 

 piece of wood screwed on to B, and 

 if necessary, D a third piece screwed 

 on to E. The object of this 

 arrangement is to prevent part 

 of the view being cut off, as 

 would be the case were the 

 camera screwed on to B pro- 



simple Vertical Stand on Tripod. 



duced vertically upwards. Rigidity 

 system is secured by filling the packing 

 case with earth, and, where a fixed 

 adjustment has been determined for 

 vertical copying, no more effective 

 stand could be desired. In natural 

 history work one is frequently obliged 

 to manipulate the tripod in awkward 

 situations. As these not unfrequently 

 entail considerable strain on the 

 tripod head, it is as well to have the 

 latter of metal, and to bear in mind 

 that the possible positions of a 

 tripod are practically doubled by 

 the expedient of drawing one leg 

 backwards between the other two. 



in the whole 



Vertical Stand on Packing 

 case. 



There is rarely occasion to employ a finder with a 



