594 



B O T A N Y. 



subject to incidental change than the corolla. He 

 divided the vegetable kingdom into two principal 

 parts, viz. herbs and trees ; the primary divisions he 

 subdivided into twenty-two classes ; the first seven- 

 teen of which comprise the herbs, and the other five 

 the ligneous vegetables ; these are again separated 

 into one hundred and nineteen sections, but without 

 names or titles being applied to them, as in those of 

 other botanists. The characters of these sections 

 were not always sufficiently defined ; and conse- 

 quently the young botanist often met difficulties in 

 arranging plants in their proper places. 



In presenting a view of the system it will only be 

 necessary to enumerate and name the divisions and 

 classes, with their leading characters, which are as 

 follow : 



DIVISION I. HERBS. 



CLASS I. Campaniformes. Herbs having a simple, 

 regular bell-shaped monopetalous corolla. This class 

 contains nine sections, distinguished from each other 

 by the character of the fruit, as whether berry, cap- 

 sule, folliculus, naked seeds, &c. 



CLASS II. Infundibuliformes. Herbs having a 

 simple, regular, funnel, salver or cup-shaped monope- 

 talous corolla. This class contains eight sections 

 distinguished from each other by the character of 

 the fruit. 



CLASS III. Personates. Herbs having masked 

 flowers, simple, monopetalous and irregular ; the seeds 

 contained in a pericarpium. This class contains five 

 sections, differing from each other in the attachment 

 and character of the fruit. 



CLASS IV. Labiati. Herbs having lipped flowers, 

 simple, monopetalous, and irregular, the seeds four, 

 attached to the bottom of the persisting calyx. The 

 sections of this class are four, differing from each 

 other in the form and position of the upper lip. 



CLASS V. Cruciformes. Herbs with cross-shaped 

 flowers, simple, tetrapetalous, and mostly regular ; 

 the fruit a siliqua or a silicula. This class has nine 

 sections, founded on the shape, and number of loca- 

 ments of the pods or fruit. 



CLASS VI. Rosacei. Herbs having flowers resem- 

 bling the rose, simple and regular, with from five to an 

 indeterminate number of petals. This class com- 

 prises ten sections, distinguished from each other by 

 the character of the fruit. 



CLASS VII. Umbellate. Herbs having their 

 flowers disposed in an umbel, simple, pentapetalous, 

 regular, and having two naked seeds attached to each 

 ether. The sections of this class are nine, differing 

 from each other by the size, shape, and markings on 

 the seeds. 



CLASS VIII. Caryophyllei Herbs with flowers 

 resembling the pink, simple, pentapetalous, regular, 

 the claws of the corolla long, and attached to the 

 bottom of a monophyllous calyx. The sections of 

 this class are two, differing in one having a com- 

 pound, and the other a single capsule. 



CLABS IX. Liliacei. Herbs having flowers resem- 

 bling the lily, simple, regular, monopetalous, with the 

 limb deeply divided into six segments, tripetalous, or 

 hexapetalous ; the seeds contained in a capsule of 

 three locaments. This class contains five sections, 

 distinguished from each other by the pistil or calyx 

 becoming a capsule. 



CLASS X. Papitionacei. Herbs with butterfly- 

 shaped flowers, simple, polypetalous, the fruit a legu- 

 men. This class contains five sections, differing from 



each other in the form, locaments, and numbers of the 

 pods. 



CLASS XI. Anomal<. Herbs having simple poly- 

 petalous, irregular flowers, which do not conveniently 

 tall in with any of the other of the above classes. 

 This term, therefore, expresses only the extraordinary 

 or irregular habit of the flowers of those plants which 

 it contains. The sections of this class are three, 

 distinguished by having capsules of one or several 

 cells, formed out of the calyx or pistil. 



CLASS XII. Floscuhsi. Herbs with compound 

 flowers, consisting of many tubulose, monopetalous 

 florets, placed on a common receptacle ; the stamens 

 united by the anthers, in the second, third, and fourth 

 sections. This class contains five sections, distin- 

 guished from each other from having no seeds (!) 

 single seeds with a pappus, single seeds without a 

 pappus, florets having a calyx, and the same with a 

 calyx, but with distinct anthers. 



CLASS XIII. Semiflosculosi. Herbs having 

 compound flowers, consisting of many mono- 

 petalous, ligulate corollets, placed on a common 

 receptacle, the stamina united by the anthers. The 

 sections of this class are two, distinguished by 

 having ligulate flowers, the seeds crowned with 

 a pappus ; and ligulate flowers, the seeds without a 

 pappus. 



CLASS XIV. RadiatL Herbs having compound 

 flowers, consisting of many monopetalous corollets, 

 placed on a common receptacle ; the florets of the 

 disk tubulose, and those of the margin ligulate. The 

 sections of this class are five, and differ from each 

 other by the seeds being crowned by a pappus, or 

 palea (chaff 1 ), or naked, or contained in capsules, or 

 having the rays composed of broad folioles. 



CLASS XV. Apetala:. Herbs having stamens and 

 pistils, but no corolla, the calyx being the only part 

 that envelopes these organs. This class contains six 

 sections, having the following characters : apetalous 

 flowers, in which the calyx became the fruit ; the same 

 in which the pistil became a single seed ; the same, 

 but in which the seeds contained farinaceous matter, 

 (viz. all kinds of corn and grasses) ; apetalous flowers 

 in scaly heads ; the same, with stamens and pistils 

 separate on the same root, and the like on separate 

 roots. 



CLASS XVI. Apetala et Aflores. Herbs having 

 neither stamens nor pistils, but only seeds on the back 

 of the leaves. The sections of this class are two, 

 viz. with seeds symmetrically disposed in clusters or 

 lines on the backs of the leaves ; or with seeds 

 growing in ears, or in capsules. 



CLASS XVII. Apetake, et Azores, et Acarpii. 

 Herbs having neither flowers nor apparent seeds. 

 This class contains only two sections, viz. such as 

 grow on the earth, or on other vegetables ; and such 

 as grow under water. This class contained the 

 mosses, funguses, and all the algae, except the lichens. 



DIVISION II. TREES AND SHRUBS. 



All plants of these characters are arranged by 

 Tournefort in five classes, founded on their modes of 

 flowering, and forms of the fruit. 



CLASS XVIII. Apetalce. Trees or shrubs having 

 stamens and pistils, but no corolla. This class con- 

 tains three sections ; the first having stamens and 

 pistils in the same flower ; the second having stamens 

 and pistils separate on the same plant ; and the third 

 having stamens and pistils on different roots. 



