C^ELESTINA CAKILE. 



663 



is (for which purpose they use stones, together with 

 sticks, rushes, &c.) ; and some to be lighter than 

 water, to float on the top and gather its food from 

 thence. These little -houses look coarse, and show 

 no great artifice outwardly, but are well tunnelled 

 and made within with a hard tough paste, into which 

 the hind part of the maggot is so fixed, that it can 

 draw its cell after it any where without danger of 

 leaving it behind, as also to thrust out its body to 

 reach what it wanteth, or withdraw it into its cell to 

 guard it against harms." 



From this quotation a general idea may be ob- 

 tained of the cases of these insects, but it is also 

 worthy of notice, that it not unfrequently happens 

 that small shells are affixed to the case ; and it 

 appears that the caddice worm does not hesitate to 

 st'i/.e upon them for its own purpose, even although 

 they enclose living snails. Some species likewise are 

 encased in a tube formed of a slender and narrow bit 

 of grass, which they are enabled to roll in a beautiful 

 spiral direction, the edges being so nicely fitted as 

 to have the appearance of one continuous piece. In 

 some modern popular works on insects, the various 

 kinds of caddice worms are spoken of as constituting 

 but one species, not at all choice in the ornaments 

 with which it decorates its coat. As, however, there 

 are nearly two hundred British species of the Lin- 

 neean genus Phrygnnea indicated by Mr. Stephens, 

 it is not to be doubted that each of the varieties 

 of cases belongs to a distinct species. Sir John 

 Hawkins has indeed given a classification of the 

 former, but it still remains for the entomologist to 

 complete the table by the introduction of the different 

 species of flies produced from the different kinds of 

 cases. These cases are of the greatest service to the 

 larvae, the latter being very tender and soft, with the 

 exception of the head and two first segments of the 

 body, which are the only portions which are generally 

 exposed in walking, the insects retain their situations 

 in the case by means of two hooks at the extremity 

 of the body, with which they keep their hold so 

 firmly, that it is almost impossible to draw them out of 

 their cases without hurting them. When full grown, 

 these larvae, in the first place, attach their cases to 

 some large stone by threads, they then close the 

 month of the case with an open net-work of threads, 

 sufficiently close to prevent the entrance of insects, 

 but with meshes permitting the water to run in. 

 They then shed their skin, and appear as quiescent 

 pupse, having their limbs enclosed in distinct cases, 

 and being furnished with a pair of small fleshy tuber- 

 cles at the posterior extremity of the body, and two 

 small hooks at the head, whereby, previous to arriving 

 at the perfect state, they cut the threads of the mouth 

 of the case, and being then (in a manner totally dif- 

 ferent from the majority of pupae) endowed with 

 powers of locomotion, they creep out of the water, 

 shortly after which they cast off their pupa skin, and 

 appear as perfect Phn/ganece, 



C^ELESTINA (Cassini). A family of herbaceous 

 and half shrubby perennials, natives of America. 

 Linnsean class and order Syngencsia ccqualis; natural 

 order Composites. Generic character: involucrum 

 cylindrical, many leaved, imbricated ; receptacle con- 

 vex, naked; florets all tubular ; stigmas very long; 

 pericarpiums five-cornered ; pappus a membranous 

 rim. These plants, of which there are three species, 

 are kept in the greenhouse, where their bright blue 

 flowers are highly ornamental. 



C^NOPTERIS (Bergius). A New Holland fern, 

 formerly called Asplerinnn. There are two species. 



C^ESALPINIA (Plumier). A genus of hot- 

 house trees and shrubs, natives of the East and West 

 Indies. Linnsean class and order Decandria Mono- 

 gynia; natural order LegnminoscE. Generic character: 

 calyx five parted, lowest segment large and vaulted ; 

 corolla of five petals ; stamens downy at the base ; 

 style filiform ; stigma truncated and fringed; pod and 

 seeds compressed. This family of plants is celebrated 

 for the hardness and durability of its wood, and for 

 its uses to the dyer. It makes the best trenails for 

 ship-building. Both the C. crate and Brasiliensii yield 

 the Brazil wood used in dyeing, though that of the 

 C. echinata is said to yield the finest colour. The 

 plants are thorny, and seldom flower in our stoves ; 

 they are propagated by cuttings, but with difficulty. 



C^ESIA (R. Brown.) A bulbous rooted herb- 

 aceous plant from New South Wales. Linneean class 

 and order Hcxandria Monogynia; natural order Aspho- 

 delccB. Generic character : corolla of six spreading 

 equal petals ; stamens below the germen, having 

 smooth filaments; anthers erect and margined at the 

 base ; style filiform j seed-vessel clubbed, of three 

 cells with two seeds each ; seeds bellying. 



C^ESULIA (Willdenow). An inconspicuous 

 creeping syngenesious plant found in India, never 

 cultivated. 



CAIRNGORUM STONE. The rock or moun- 

 tain crystal known under this name is in reality a 

 very beautiful form of rhomboidal quartz, procured 

 in different parts of Scotland, but originally found in 

 the greatest quantities at Cairngorum, in the county 

 of Moray. The mountain stores are now nearly 

 exhausted, and they are only rarely obtained among 

 the debris washed down by the winter's torrent. 

 The deep wine-yellow and clove-brown coloured 

 varieties, are those most highly esteemed by col- 

 lectors, and those are the colours usually made 

 up into necklaces, seal-stones, and brooches. It is 

 an excellent stone for engraving upon, and on this 

 account it is much sought after by the lapidaries. 

 The rock-crystal of Brazil and Madagascar is in 

 general of a deeper tinge than that of Scotland, and 

 can be purchased at a cheaper rate. The conse- 

 quence of this is, that many of the Brazilian pebbles 

 arc sold under the name of Cairngorum stones. The 

 various degrees of hardness which distinguish mine- 

 ral bodies furnish the collector with valuable data by 

 which he is enabled to distinguish one mineral from 

 another. Thus the Cairngorum stone is sometimes 

 sold for the topaz ; but if the one be brought in 

 contact with the other, the topaz will act on the 

 Cairngorum stone, but the latter will not scratch the 

 topaz. Another test is, that the topazes of Brazil 

 and Siberia become electrical by simply raising their 

 temperature, which is not the case with the Cairn- 

 gorum stone. 



There is a process sometimes resorted to by 

 dealers in this mineral which very materially changes 

 its external appearance. It consists in raising its 

 temperature almost to a red heat, and then plunging 

 the crystal into different coloured solutions, such as 

 indigo or cochineal, and by this means the most 

 beautiful tints are produced. 



CAKILE (Tournefort). The sea-rocket, a plant 

 indigenous to Britain, and in some places common on 

 the sea-shore. It belongs to the class Tetradynamia 

 of Linngeus, and the Cruciferce of Jussieu. 



