CELESTINE CELOSIA. 



763 



in some secure place. By this means good celery 

 inav be had for table till late in the spring, provided 

 the' seed was sowed rather late, for early sowings 

 run to stalk long before Christmas. 



There are several varieties in cultivation, viz. : 

 Italian Red and White. 

 Solid Stalked Red. 

 New Striped. 

 Solid Stalked White. 

 Giant Upright. 

 New Silver. 



The solid white and red varieties are mostly 

 cultivated, as being decidedly the best, whether for 

 salad or for kitchen use. 



CELESTINE, a mineral nearly resembling pris- 

 matic barytes or heavy spar. It is the Z'dl-estin of 

 Werner, and is usually divided into five sub-species. 

 The first of these is termed Foliated Celestine. It 

 occurs in the Calton Hill at Edinburgh, and in red 

 sandstone at Inverness. It is frequently found in the 

 neighbourhood of Bristol, and in the islands in the 

 Bristol Channel, particularly in Barry Island on the 

 coast of Glamorganshire; also in amygdaloid at 

 Bechely in Gloucestershire; and it has been pro- 

 cured on the Nidd, near Knaresborough, Yorkshire. 

 It forms a bed, about one- fourth of a fathom thick, in 

 a coal mine, which appears to be connected with 

 shell limestone, at Suntel in Hanover ; and also near 

 Karlsluitte, on the road from Gottingen to Hanover; 

 iu the Canton of Aargau in Switzerland ; in the 

 Sysser Alps in the Tyrol ; and at Moutecchio Maggi- 

 ore in the Vicentine. 



The crystals of this mineral are middle-sized, and 

 frequently rest on each other. They usually form a 

 rectangular four-sided table, in which the terminal 

 planes are bevelled. Its hardness is a tolerably ac- 

 curate test of its identity as it scratches calcareous- 

 spar, but is itself scratched by fluor-spar. 



The prismatic celestine usually consists of a long, 

 oblique, four-sided prism, and occurs in combination 

 with sulphur in the valleys of Noto and Mazzara in 

 Sicily. 



Fibrous celestiue is of a pale blue colour, and 

 occurs massive, but it has an indistinct cleavage. 



Radiated celestine is of a milk-white colour. In- 

 ternally it is shining and resplendent, with a pearly 

 lustre, slightly inclining to vitreous. 



Granular celestine (Stnmtiane sulphntrc, cnlcarifere, 

 Ilauy) is of a greenish colour. It occurrs inconsider- 

 able quantities, with gypsum, at Montmartre, near 

 Paris. 



CELLULACEA (Blainville). First class Cephal- 

 o)>hora ; second order of Molluscs. This order in- 

 cludes the families, first, Spherulacca, in which are 

 included the genera Miliola, Melanin, Saracenaria, 

 and Tcrtnlm'ia; second family, Plamtlacea, including 

 the genera Itcnulina and Peneroples ; third family, 

 including the genera Xummulites, Helicites, Siderolites, 

 Orbicnlhifi, Placentula, and Vortidalcs. The first 

 family are microscopic shells, and only known in a 

 fossil state ; the animal is quite unknown, but, from 

 analogous reasoning on the form of the shells, they 

 may be supposed to be entirely concealed in its 

 body; second family are all fossil shells. In the 

 third family two recent species of the Siderolites are 

 known ; three species of Orbiculina ; two species of 

 Plactmtula, and four species of Vorticiales, all micro- 

 scopic shells. 



CELLULARES. A name applied to flowerless 



plants, indicative of their structure, in contradistinc- 

 tion to vasculares, which has b4en appropriated to 

 flowering plants. To this grand division of the 

 vegetable kingdom the terms Acotyledonous and 

 Cryptogamoug have also been applied. See article 

 ACOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. The plants belonging to 

 this division have neither flowers nor sexual appa- 

 ratus ; they are chiefly composed of cellular tissue, 

 and have no spiral vessels, and no proper stem or 

 trunk. In them reproduction is accomplished prin- 

 cipally by means of bodies called sporules, which are 

 sometimes enclosed in particular coverings deno- 

 minated thccce, and at other times are imbedded in 

 the substance of the plants. Many of them approach 

 very near to the lowest tribes of infusory animalcules, 

 and sometimes can hardly be distinguished from 

 them. The ferns constitute the link between the 

 cellular and vascular plants. 



Our knowledge of the structure and physiology of 

 cellular and cryptogamic plants is not by any means 

 in an advanced state ; and although the labours of 

 many able botanists have been directed to the eluci- 

 dation of the subject, still much remains to reward 

 the investigations of future inquirers. 



Ferns, mosses, lichens, mushrooms, and sea-weeds, 

 are the orders generally included in what is called 

 Cryptogeuma, These orders have of late been sub- 

 divided into numerous sections. Professor Lindley 

 divides flowerless plants into three sections : 



1. FilicoidecB, or fan-like plants, including Equi- 

 setacece, the horse-tail tribe ; Filices, the true fern 

 tribe ; Lycopodiacete, the club-moss, or wolf's-foot 

 tribe ; and Marsileacece, pepperwort tribe. In these 

 tribes there exists a distinct vascular system, and the 

 sporules are in thecae provided for their preparation 

 and dispersion. 



2. Mutcmdets, moss-like plants, including Musci, 

 the moss tribe ; Hepaticce, the liverwort tribe ; and 

 Characeae, the chara tribe. In these no vascular 

 system can be detected, but there is a central axis of 

 development, and the sporules are as in the fern-like 

 plants. 



3. Aphyllee, leafless flowerless plants, including 

 Lichencs, the lichen tribe ; Fungi, the mushroom 

 tribe ; and Algce, the sea-weed tribe. In these there 

 is neither a vascular system nor a central axis of 

 development, but an irregular ramification of homo- 

 geneous masses, and the sporules or reproductive 

 bodies lie imbedded in the plants, and are scattered 

 when it is destroyed. 



Such are the chief subdivisions of cellular plants 

 recognised by botanists. Many of the tribes above 

 mentioned are highly interesting, and well deserving 

 of attention. We have already given an account of 

 the sea-weed tribe (see article ALG^), and we shall, 

 in the course of the work, treat of the other tribes 

 more in detail. 



CELOSIA (Linnanus). A fine ornamental genus 

 of tropical plants long known by the name of 

 cockscomb amaranthus. Linnaean class and order 

 Pentaiidria Mmogyma ; natural order Amaranthaceee. 

 Generic character is : calyx five-parted, coloured, 

 propped by the bracti ; cupela of five teeth bearing 

 stamens ; anthers two-celled ; style simple ; stigma 

 cleft ; capsule cut round, many seeded. The deep 

 red colour and conglomerated position of the flowers 

 of this genus attracted the notice of florists at a very 

 early period. They were, it appears, first noticed on 

 Chinese articles of furniture brought from that coun- 



