its external envelope becomes hard and friable. 

 Moreover the surface of the body is at first moist- 

 ened with a viscid fluid which exudes from beneath 

 the wings, and the other parts which are inclosed 

 between these organs, and which becomes thickened 

 and hardens rapidly, and in so doing glues together 

 the contiguous parts, which are consequently now 

 inclosed in an additional envelope, this taking place 

 within twenty-four hours after the change ; at the 

 same time also this fluid not only loses its transpa- 

 rency, but also acquires a colour. Previous to the 

 hardening of this fluid it is easy to observe as well 

 as to separate the various external organs of which 

 the future butterfly is composed, as the anteniiie, 

 legs, wings, &c. there is this difference, however, 

 between the chrysalis and the imago, at least of the 

 butterflies ; in the former state one pair of wings, 

 the upper, are alone to be observed, the second,or 

 inferior pair, being hidden beneath them, the inter- 

 mediate space in the pupa being filled with this 

 gummy matter, by which they are at length glued 

 together; whereas in the butterfly (but not in the 

 moths, except during flight) the lower pair of wings 

 are exposed, even when the butterfly is at rest upon 

 the bosom of a flower. 



Reaumur has divided chrysalides in general into 

 two great divisions, namely, those which, from having 

 various angular projections upon the body, he has 

 termed angular chrysalides, and those in which the 

 body is smooth and unfurnished with these projec- 

 tions, and which may be termed conical chrysalides, 

 but which Reaumur calls " feves ;" and it is a curi- 

 ous circumstance, that all angulated chrysalides 

 produce butterflies, whilst from the conical chrysa- 

 lides, with a few exceptions, the various tribes of 

 moths and hawk-moths are produced ; these excep- 

 tions being confined to the small butterflies, belonging 

 to the family Lycamida:. Moreover the chrysalis of 

 the orange-tip butterfly (Mancipium car da mine's) seems 

 intermediate between the two groups, having the 

 body boat-shaped, with a spindle-formed process 

 arising from the head, as well as the tail. There is 

 a great difference in the situation of the prominences 

 and angulated projections, upon the body of the 

 chrysalides belonging to the first of these divisions, 

 and in some of the old works of natural histurv, we 

 find the representations of them fancifully converted 

 into the singular profile of the human face, the dorsal 

 prominence forming the nose ! Amongst the conical 

 chrysalides, there are also various differences to be 

 observed ; we shall, however, only notice those offered 

 by the sphinx family, in which the tongue, which in 

 the perfect state is exceedingly long, is inclosed in 

 a thickened cylindric proboscis, which stands off 

 from the breast, and within which the tongue is 

 curled up ; whilst, in the genus Calophosia, Stephens, a 

 provision of a different kind is made for the unusual 

 k'ngth of the organ, by the tongue-case being 

 recurved upon the breast, in which respect it ap- 

 proaches the shark moths, Cucullia;. 



In our article BUTTERFLY, we have alluded to the 

 incorrectness of the fanciful notions entertained by 

 the old naturalists, that insects in their progress to 

 tiie perfect state underwent a series of real meta- 

 morphoses. In like manner we may notice, as 

 conveying' an equally incorrect idea, that the bursting 

 forth of the butterfly has been adopted as an illus- 

 tration, fitting to convey a token of one of the 

 profoundest mysteries of our Holy Religion. 



CHRYSANTHEMUM. 



37 



Oh, start not ! on thy closing eyes 



Another day shall still unfold, 

 A sun of milder radiance rise ; 



A happier age of joys unfold. 

 Shall the poor worm that shocks thy sight, 



The humblest form in nature's train 

 Thus rise in new-born lustre bright, ' 



And yet the emblem teach in vain ? 



The idea is highly poetical, but the simile is not 

 correct when the changes undergone by " the poor 

 worm" have had all of the marvellous stripped from 

 them by the assistance of direct observation ; and yet 

 these changes are not, on that account, the less wonder- 

 ful. To them, indeed, may well be applied the cele- 

 brated words of the poet" Truth is stranger than 

 fiction." 



The body of the caterpillar consists of twelve 

 segments, exclusive of the head and anus, and on each 

 side of the 1st, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, and 

 1 1th of these segments, a small oval spiracle or 

 breathing pore is to be observed, making together 

 eighteen. In the pupa, notwithstanding the great 

 alteration which has taken place in the size and dis 

 position of the segments, we notice, besides the head, 

 first, a small, nearly square, piece, being the remains 

 of the first segment, having, on each side, a small 

 breathing pore ; next, a large dorsal piece, giving rise 

 to the large anterior wings, which is the second seg- 

 ment; then a short dorsal piece, giving 1 rise to the 

 second wings, being the third segment ; after which, 

 follows another short segment, of which the spiracles 

 are not observable, which is succeeded by seven spi- 

 raculiferous rings; then comes another ring, with- 

 out spiracles, and the body is terminated by a plate 

 covering the anal organs. This description is taken 

 from a living male Chrysalis, of the splendid large 

 Emperor moth, Paconia major, an inhabitant of 

 France. 



The Chrysalides of various moths exhibit a singular 

 circumstance not hitherto satisfactorily accounted for, 

 but which present an interesting instance of that 

 parental care, " which nature so conspicuouslv mani- 

 fests towards the most insignificant (if any'can be 

 called such) of her productions." The small Eggar 

 moth, Eriogaster lanestris, is one of the most remark- 

 able of these species, doomed to a regular appear- 

 ance, in the winged state, at the termination of the 

 cold and nngenial month of February, nature (that 

 it may not fail and become extinct) reserves a small 

 portion of it annually, in the pupa state, until the 

 February following that of its pupation, and some- 

 times even until the third occurrence of that frigid 

 month, denying their emancipation all the intermediate 

 time, and thus effectually securing, by these unusual 

 means, the safety and perpetuation of an animal, small 

 it is true, but whose annual existence, at that incle- 

 ment season, in the winged state, is probably of more 

 consequence in the intricacy of its great Creator's 

 plans than we are at present aware of, although He 

 constantly exposes it to the dangerous vicissitudes of 

 winter; for 



Each shell, each crawling insect, holds a rank, 



Important in the plan of Him who framed 



This scale of beings, holds a rank, which lost, 



Would break the chain, and leave behind a gap, 



Which nature's sell' would rue."Lepiduptera. Britannica. 



CHRYSANTHEMUM (Linnaeus). An extensive 

 genus of herbaceous perennial and annual plants, 

 valued for their large showy flowers. LinnEeari class 

 and order, Syngcncsia superflw, natural order, Coin- 



