CINDUS CINNABAR. 



59 



native of North America, yields a bark, called Quina 

 nova, which is said to possess febrifuge properties. 



Chiococcaracemosa is a creeping 1 shrub, like jessamine, 

 the root of which is known in Brazil by the name of 

 Cainca. This root is met with in commerce under 

 the form of rounded pieces two or three feet long, the 

 thickness of a writing quill, and striated so as to resem- 

 ble the root of Psychotria emetica. According to ana- 

 lysis the root yields a substance analogous to emetin, 

 which seems to be its active principle, and has been 

 denominated caincique by the French. The root is 

 used as a cure for the bite of poisonous serpents, and 

 from its purgative properties is administered in 

 dropsies and visceral obstructions. 



Nauclea or Uncaria Gambir yields a lightish, 

 brown, bitter, and very astringent extract, called 

 Gambir or bastard catechu, which consists almost 

 entirely of gallic acid and tannin. It is obtained at 

 Malacca by boiling the leaves of the plant, and is 

 used by the Malays as an astringent. It is also 

 chewed by them along with the betel-leaves. 



The bark and root of Antirhoa vcrticillata are 

 used in the Isle of Bourbon for checking haemorrhage 

 Richardsonca rosea and emetica, Manetlia cordifol/a, 

 and Spcrmarocc fcrrugincn arid poai/a furnish emetic 

 roots. The bark of the roots of Morinda umbellata 

 and citrifolia is used in the East Indies for dyeing red 

 and brown. The leaves of the former species are 

 combined with aromatics in cases of diarrhrea. 

 Morinda royoc is used in dyeing and in making ink. 

 Hedyotis imibellata is used in India for dyeing nan- 

 keen. Wcbera tctrandria is a thorny bush met 

 with on the Coromandel coast bearing a reddish 

 brown edible fruit, the size of a small bramble. A 

 decoction of the leaves and root is used in India 

 in dysentery and in cases of worms: the leaves are 

 sometimes put into curries. The leaves of Oldenlan- 

 dia umbellata are considered by the Indian doctors as 

 expectorant, and are used in asthma. They are used 

 hi cutaneous diseases, and for the cure of poisonous 

 bites. The root is employed at Masulipatam for 

 dyeing cotton red. Gardenia Jhrida is highly odori- 

 ferous, and is made into hedges in Japan. Its seeds 

 dye yellow. Gardenia Rothmanna is chiefly fragrant 

 during the night. The fruit of Gardenia dumetorum, 

 when ripe, looks like a small yellow apple. It en- 

 closes numerous strong-smelling seeds which, when 

 bruised, have the property of intoxicating fishes. 

 The fruit, when powdered, acts an emetic, and the 

 bark of the root is used as an astringent. 



Gcnipa Americana bears an esculent fruit which is 

 much esteemed in Dutch Guiana. Sarcoccphahts 

 escidcntuR yields a high flavoured fruit, which has the 

 appearance of a pineapple without a crown. Several 

 species of Gardenia also yield succulent fruits which 

 are used as food. 



Ixora pavetla is valued by the Hindoos on account 

 of the beauty ot its flowers. Its fruit is green, and is 

 often employed as a pickle. The genus Siderodendron 

 receives its name from the hardness of its wood, which 

 is said to resemble iron. In the species of this genus 

 the corolla is often changed by an insect into an 

 oblong bag, half an inch in length, fleshy and hollow 

 within, and ending in a point at the top. Pinckncya 

 Mffen4,geBga bark, is a low tree of the United States, 

 huving a soft wood and bitter inner bark, which has 

 been used successfully in tiie cure of intermittent 

 fever. 



We have thus given an extended view of the natu- 



ral family of Cinchonacese which forms so important 

 a part of the vegetable kingdom. In whatever way 

 we regard this family, whether as furnishing remedies 

 which have contributed in no small degree to alleviate 

 the sufferings of humanity, or as supplying some of 

 the most valuable luxuries and necessaries of life, we 

 must allow that it well merits attention, and occupies 

 a high place among the numerous vegetable tribes 

 which are scattered over the surface of the globe. 



CINARAS (Leach). The genus Gymnokpat of 

 Cuvier. This shell consists of five narrow valves, so 

 widely placed that they do not cover the whole of the 

 animal ; to compensate for which they are enclosed 

 in a membranous bag, a continuation of which forms 

 the peduncle ; it is of a greenish colour, with six 

 longitudinal black stripes, three on each side ; it has 

 an anterior opening for the passage of the animal's 



tentacula or arms. First class of the sub-type Hcma- 

 tupoda, first family Lepadicea, of Blainville's system. 

 The Cinarrts Cranchii is here figured. 



CINDUS. See DIPPER. 



CINERARIA (Linnaeus). A very numerous 

 genus of herbs, undershrubs, and shrubs found in 

 almost every part of the globe. Linna'an class and 

 order Syneenesia snpcrfiua; and natural order Com- 

 posites. Generic character : anthodium simple, and 

 in many parts ; receptacle naked ; pappus roughly 

 pilose. The cinerarias are all pretty flowering plants, 

 some of them singularly beautiful, and well worth 

 cultivation. The undershrubby species are easily 

 propagated by cuttings, and the herbaceous sorts by 

 division of the roots. 



CINNABAR. This name is given to two very 

 different minerals, which in their external appearance 

 nearly resemble each other. The dark red cinnabar 

 occurs massive, disseminated, and in flakes and crys- 

 tallised. Its primitive form appears to be a rhomboid, 

 and by attrition it yields a scarlet-red streak. 



Bright red cinnabar, or native vermilion, occurs in- 

 small quantities in beds and veins; in the latter, it is 

 found in considerable quantities in Bohemia. Asia 

 also produces this mineral, but South America may 

 be considered as the principal source whence it 

 is derived for commercial purposes. Cinnabar occurs 

 in considerable quantity in the province of Antioquia, 

 in the Valle de Santa Rosa, east from the Rio Canca; 

 in the mountain of Quindiu, in the pass of the cen- 

 tral Cordillera, between Ibague and Carthago, at the 

 extremity of the ravine of Vermellon : and in the 

 province of Quito, between the village of Azogiic and 

 Cnenca. The cinnabar is not only found in round 

 fragments, mixed with small grains of uohl, in (he 

 alluvial soil with which the ravine de Vermellon, at 

 the foot of the table-land of Ibague Vicjo, is filled, 

 but the miners know the vein also from which the 

 torrent appears to have detached these fragment*, 

 and which traverses the small ravine of Santa Anna. 

 Near the village of Azogue, to the north-west o 



