C U L L U M I A C U P A N I A. 



see), ' SjrfuEromias, and Corclhra, Meigcn. The latter 

 genus is distinguished from C/iironomns, by having the 

 antennoB composed of fourteen oval joints in both 

 sexes, the terminal ones being but little different from 

 those at the base of these organs. The wings, when 

 at rest, are laid horizontally upon the back. The 

 type of the genus (which comprises but very few 

 species; is the Tipula citlicifurmis of De Geer, by 

 whom the history of this species has been traced 

 through its different stages. Reaumur likewise found 

 the larvs of another straw-coloured species (C. jrfumi- 

 cornw, in July and August, in standing water. Its 

 body is crystalline and transparent, long, nearly 

 cylindric, and rather thickened at its anterior part ; 

 the head is furnished in front with two recurved 

 jointed hooks ; and the tail is armed beneath with an 

 oval plunied apparatus, for swimming or respiration, 

 and at the tip with two hooks. The nearer this 

 crystalline larva (which is a beautiful microscopic 

 object) is to its transformation, the more distinctly 

 four kidney-shaped bodies are perceived, two in the 

 front part of the second, and two in the ninth seg- 

 ments of the body. It has been stated, in the Insect 

 Transformations, that the latter perhaps serve to 

 inclose the taii-.ins of the pupa, and the former the 

 horns of the pupa, which again encase the antennae of 

 the gnat (midge), both which statements appear to us 

 quite untenable ; because the tail-fins of the pupa, 

 being attached to its terminal segment, would neces- 

 sarily be covered by the terminal segment of the 

 iarva), whilst the antennae are laid along the breast, 

 the " antennae cases," as they are miscalled, arising 

 from the thorax. It is more probable that the arr- 

 terior pair of these bodies may, as De Geer con- 

 jectures (vol. vi. ]>. 39j), be air-reservoirs, which, 

 when the insect assumes the pupa state, become 

 external, and are transformed into the horns in front 

 of its body. Moreover, analogy induces us to adopt 

 this opinion, as the same organs are found employed 

 in respiration in the pupa of the gnat. Like most 

 larvae, the one which we are now describing sheds its 

 skin. In like manner, it seems clour, from the 

 statement of Reaumur, that the skin is also cast on 

 assuming the pupa state, as he found exuviae at the 

 bottom of the glass in which he kept them. The 

 pupa is oblong, with the thorax bulging out, and 

 having (wo small horns placed upon the front of 

 the back ; the head is closely applied to the front of 

 the breast, with the antennae lying behind the eyi-s, 

 and the legs placed along the breast, enclosed in 

 short cases. The tail is long, and gradually tapering 

 to the tip, which is furnished with two elliptic-shaped 

 plates employed in swimming. In this state it is 

 very active, jerking about with great agility, especially 

 when the time for assuming the perfect state ap- 

 proaches. It, however, usually keeps close to the 

 surface of the water, so as to be able to project the 

 thoracic horns above it, so that they are exposed to 

 the air, an eviden-t proof of their being employed as 

 organs of respiration. The insect remains in this 

 state ten or twelve days, when it assumes the perfect 

 winded state. 



CULLUMIA (R. Brown). A genus of orna- 

 mental shrubs from the Cape of Good Hope, belong- 

 ing to the order Composites. Generic characters : 

 anthodium of one leaf, thickly set with scales. Re- 

 ceptacle favose, seeds smooth ; pappus none. This 

 plant is curious, and easily kept and propagated in 

 green-houses under ordinary management. 



CULTRIROSTRA, a sub-order of stilt birds, 

 characterised by the bill being long, strong, and knife- 

 shaped. It includes the cranes, storks, herons, and 

 some of the allied g-enera. See BIRD. 



CUMMINGIA^ (U. Don). An elegant, bulbous- 

 stemmed plant, introduced into this country from 

 Chili. Linnaean class and order Hcxandria Mono- 

 gynia, and natural order AsphodcletjE. Generic cha- 

 racter : calyx, bell-shaped, six-cleft, nearly regular, 

 spreading ; stamens inserted in the base of the 

 corolla ; filaments very short, united in a ring ; an- 

 thers forming a cone, with cleft processes at top ; 

 style awl-shaped ; capsule three-celled, three-valved, 

 with many seeds. This is the Conanthera campamdata 

 of Ruiz and Pavon, and of several other authors. 

 Three species are already known, and they succeed 

 when managed like other tender bulbs, that is, planted 

 in a frame or pit, or on a warm border ; the bulbs to 

 be taken up before winter, and planted again in 

 February. They are increased by seeds and offsets. 



CUMINIUM (Limucus). An odoriferous plant, 

 cultivated for its peculiar qualities as seasoning in 

 cookery, and as a medicine. It belongs to the 

 natural order UmbellifcrcB. In this country it only 

 requires sowing in the open ground, with other an- 

 nual herbs. 



CUNNINGHAMIA (R. Brown). A fine orna- 

 mental forest tree, introduced from China, It belongs 

 to the class Moncecia of Linnaeus, and to the natural 

 order Conifercs. This is the Pinus Innceolata of Lam- 

 bert, and the Sells jaculifolia of Salisbury. 



CUNONIACE^E. A natural order" of dicotyle- 

 donous plants, containing eight genera and forty-four 

 known species. It is closely allied to Saxifrages, and 

 by many botanists is considered merely a section of 

 that order. It differs, however, in its shrubby habit 

 and its remarkable interpetiolar stipules. It bears 

 also an affinity to Baueraccce, from which it is distin- 

 guished by its definite stamens and the presence of 

 stipules. 



The characters of the order are : calyx four or five- 

 cleft, half superior ; petals four or five, occasionally- 

 wanting ; stamens eight to ten, perigynous and defi- 

 nite ; ovary two-celled, the cells having two or many 

 seeds ; styles one or two ; fruit two-celled, capsular or 

 indehiscent ; embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. 

 The plants belonging to the order are trees or shrubs 

 with opposite, compound, or simple leaves, interpe- 

 tiolary stipules, and white or red Bowers. 



They are found at the Cape of Good Hope, in 

 South America, the East and West Indies, and New 

 Holland. 



Little is known in regard to their properties. The 

 chief genera of the order are : Cimonia, Wcinmannia, 

 Callicoma, Dicterica, Ccratopctalum, and Arnoldia. 



Of the genus Weinmannia, there are thirty-one 

 known species, most of which possess astringent qua- 

 lities : one of the species is used in Peru for tanning 

 leather, and its bark is employed to adulterate Peru- 

 vian bark. 



CUPANIA (Linnaeus). A genus of lofty tropi- 

 cal trees, belonging to the eighth class and first order 

 of the sexual system, and to the natural order Sapin- 

 dacecE. Generic character : calyx of five sepals ; 

 petals cupped or flattish ; filaments awl-shaped ; 

 sometimes long, but frequently very short ; anthers 

 incumbent ; style trifid ; stigma obtuse ; capsule 

 leathery, and three-celled, three-valved ; cells one or 

 two seeded, seeds winged. This tree is cultivated 



