G.ERTNERA 



dorsal fin are short, while in the five-bauded species 

 the first one is long. The yonng fish is reddish brown 

 but after it grows the length of seven or eight inches 

 it becomes reddish yellow, with large dusky spots. 

 It is, perhaps, more common on the British shore 

 than the former ; but its haunts and manners are 

 similar, and some regard it only as a variety. 



SILVERY GADE (G. argettfariiu). This species has 

 been but little noticed, and in Britain only on the 

 south coast. Its manners are accordingly very little 

 known. The specimens which have been met with 

 have been very small, not exceeding two inches in 

 length ; and the colours were bluish green on the 

 upper part, and silvery on the under. It may pos- 

 sibly be the fry of the five banded gade ; and indeed 

 there is some obscurity about the species or varieties 

 which come under this division. They are, however, 

 of little importance for popular purposes, as none of 

 this division of the genus are of much value, and it 

 would be inconsistent with our plan to go into the 

 niceties of museum specimens. 



The next division of the genus is that of which the 

 tusk is the type ; and, from its trivial name, the divi- 

 sion is called Brosmus. Some of the species are a 

 little confined and obscure, but others are well made 

 out, and of much interest and value. 



THE TUSK, OR COMMON TUSK (Erasmus}. This 

 species must not be confounded with the torsk, 

 which is a spotted variety of the common cod, having 

 the same arrangement of fins, one-barred on the 

 lower jaw, and all the characters of the common cod, 

 except being spotted with brown, which the common 

 cod is not, though often with dull yellow. As a 

 British fish, the tusk is chiefly found in the most 

 northerly seas, where it attains the length of about 

 two feet. It is a bank fish, and caught in the same 

 places as the common cod and the ling, the last of 

 which it most nearly resembles in flesh. As is the 

 case with ling, it is not so much relished in the recent 

 state as cod, but, when salted and dried, it is a very 

 superior fish, and tusk and ling are often associated 

 together. It has the small dorsal and the anul fin 

 lengthened, the ventral fins fleshy, the pectorals and 

 caudal rounded at their terminations, and most of the 

 fins margined with white. The colour on the upper 

 part is dusky, that on the sides yellowish, and that 

 below white. It is one of the most northerly of the 

 whole of the cod family as a British fish ; but on the 

 banks among and near the Shetland islands it is far 

 from rare. 



Some other species of tusk have been mentioned, 

 as one of a yellowish colour, occurring near New- 

 foundland, but not common, and another in the Me- 

 diterranean, with a single dorsal fin. The first may 

 be merely a coloured variety of the tusk of the north, 

 and the other seems to be somewhat doubtful ; at 

 least, it would be rather singular to find in the Medi- 

 terranean a fish which is known only in the extreme 

 north even as British. This, however, is not a 

 point for popular discussion. 



Another division is named from the fork-head, the 

 trivial name of which, Physcis, is used as the general 

 name of the division. The species are somewhat 

 involved in obscurity. 



THE COMMON FORK-HEAD (G.physds] is a species 

 occasionally met with on the south-west coast of 

 England, but it is rather of rare occurrence. It is 

 usually found about a foot in length ; it has large 

 eves, with white irides j the first dorsal fin is trian- 



G A L A N T H U S. 565 



gular, with the first ray produced ; the ventral fins 

 are twice the length of the head, placed far forward 

 on the throat, and each consisting of a single ray, 

 forked, or divided into two braches. The lateral line 

 \s curved, and the extremity of the tail rounded. 

 The head is very large. The one now mentioned 

 appears to be a southern fish, and is not met with on 

 any of the northerly coasts of Britain. There are 

 some others, which have been confounded with the 

 hake, and also with the blennies. One, the Phico of 

 the Italians, occurs in the Mediterranean, and on the 

 west coast of Spain, and an occasional stray appears 

 on the south coast of England. The head and 

 pectoral fins are red in the spring months. 



THE THREE-FORKED HAKE, of British authors 

 (Raniceps trifurcatus], has the head flat, the mouth 

 wide, the first dorsal fin very obscure, and is said to 

 be about two inches in length. Little is known 

 respecting it, and it does not appear to be a fish of 

 very much interest. 



The genus which Cuvier appends to the cod 

 famil}', without positively including them in it, are 

 the Grenadiers (Macrourus of Bloch, Lepedoliprus of 

 Risso). They have the muzzle depressed, and ad- 

 vanced farther forward than the mouth. The first 

 dorsal high, but short ; the second dorsal and the 

 anal long, and joining the caudal. The whole skin is 

 covered with hard scales, armed with spinous pro- 

 cesses ; and the teeth are very small. It does not 

 appear that these fishes, the history of which is 

 rather obscure, have any very striking resemblance to 

 the more typical members of the cod family. They 

 live in very deep water both in the Atlantic and the 

 Mediterranean, but probably not so far north as even 

 the south coasts of Britain. It is said that they make 

 a sort of growling sound with their gill-covers when 

 taken out of the water. 



Such is an outline of this most interesting family 

 of fishes, short and imperfect it must be admitted, but 

 still all that our limits will afford, and, in some of the 

 species, all that we have any data for. 



G^RTNERA (Roxburgh). A genus of climb- 

 ing plants, natives of India and China, formerly called 

 Hiptage mandablota by the botanist whose name they 

 now bear. The flowers are decandrious, and the 

 plants rank in the natural order Malpighiacece. They 

 Hower in our stoves, if allowed room, and are 

 propagated by cuttings. 



GAL AGO, a genus of mammalia, belonging to the 

 order Quadrumana, or those which have the four 

 extremities formed for grasping. Arranged by Cuvier 

 in the family of the Lemuridee, or those four-handed 

 animals, which have the cutting teeth in one or other 

 of the jaws different from the apes. The other genus 

 to which they are most nearly allied is that of the 

 Levies or slow lancers ; but they differ in many par- 

 iculars, and they inhabit a different locality. The 

 lovies are found only in the south-east of Asia and 

 in the eastern islands, while the galago belong ex- 

 clusively to Africa and the islands near its eastern 

 shore. We shall, however, save repetition, and 

 place the relations of these animals in a clearer light 

 ay considering them along with those other genera 

 ,n one general article LEMURIDEE, to which accord- 

 ingly the reader is referred. 



GALANTHUS (Linnzeus). The G. nivalis is 

 the well-known snow-drop, of which there are only 

 two species. It belongs to the natural order Ama- 

 ryllidece. 



