MALACOLOGY. 



not affecting such an arrangement, or only viewing it 

 as a secondary point; he therefore formed a distinct 

 class of the immense group to which he still continued 

 the name of animals with white blood ; subsequently 

 named invertebrated animals. Looking in the next 

 instance at the anatomica.1 structure of these crea- 

 tures, he divided them into three grand section?, 

 naming them Ccp/ta/opods, or possessing feet in the 

 head ; Ga&tcropods, as having feet in the belly ; and 

 Acephalophora, or being without heads. In the first 

 he placed the Linnuean Scpiacece, adding some other 

 genera, since reformed. In the second, and by far the 

 the most numerous section, were included all such 

 as had to that period been described, but separated 

 according to the old-fashioned notion of naked mol- 

 luscs and those with shells ; and the third section 

 was divided into five divisions, according to the 

 formation of the shell. As this first attempt has since 

 been considerably improved upon, we will not enu- 

 merate the different genera constituting these divisions, 

 but proceed onwards in our rapid sketch of the pro- 

 gress of malacology. We have in this instance men- 

 tioned enough to prove that Cuvier pursued the plan 

 Pallas had suggested, including also the alterations 

 proposed by Bruguiere, Lamarck, and other of his 

 cotemporaries. 



In 1799, Lamarck read to the French Institute a 

 programme of his new classification of molluscs. In 

 this he acknowledges the labours of Bruguiere and 

 Cuvier with regard to the animal structure ; but he 

 was from that cause obliged to multiply the genera 

 by an addition of sixty-two, constituted from those 

 they had enumerated in their works, with a few others 

 not known to them previously. It is evident that 

 Lamarck, following the track of Bruguiere and Cuvier, 

 did not at first exercise that broad independent judg- 

 ment which, in 1801, was exhibited in his work, " Des 

 Animaitx sans Vcrttibres" 



In the same year appeared the work of Audobard 

 de Ferussac, the elder, in which he also describes the 

 genera, from an examination of the animal in relation 

 to its habits : his plan, however, subsequently under- 

 went great changes. 



In 1802, Bosc, in a supplement to Buffon's works, 

 admitted the necessity of these new changes ; but he, 

 nevertheless, retained the two Linnsean distinctions, or 

 divisions, of the naked molluscs and those with a 

 testaceous covering : in those he closely followed 

 Bru^uiere's method, but included all the generic sub- 

 divisions established by Cuvier and Lamarck. It is 

 hut justice to Bosc to acknowledge, that having had 

 great facilities in examining molluscous animals in 

 their native element, he has ably availed himself of 

 tlve opportunity, establishing some new well-defined 

 genera, and introducing several facts in the natural 

 history of these animals totally unknown to other 

 authors. 



In 1803, Draparnaud published aprodromus of the 

 terrestrial and fluviatile molluscs of France, which 

 did not appear until after his death in 1808 ; he also 

 added some new genera, and particularly introduced 

 the change of nomenclature with respect to the parts 

 of shells, always viewing them as a part of the ani- 

 mal, and describing them as moving before the spec- 

 tator, being, therefore, the first to abandon the Lin- 

 naean laws on that subject ; otherwise his classification 

 corresponds with Cuvier's system. 



DC Monfort commenced a work, afterwards com- 

 pleted by De Boissy (forming a portion of Sonnini's 



edition of Bullon), that, generally speaking, harmo- 

 nised with Cuvier, and, like his predecessors, he 

 introduced new genera, and altered the arrangement 

 of others. The science of malacology is, however, 

 greatly indebted to his researches, in having intro- 

 duced a general distribution of the microscopic shells 

 observed by Soldani, Von Moll, and Von Fichtel ; 

 he also proposed a great number of new genera, so 

 ably constituted that they have- been preserved in 

 modern malacology, though under different denomina- 

 tions. His nomenclature for the most part being 

 gratuitous, he did not attempt a classification of his 

 genera with reference to the animals ; and, like the 

 very small molluscs he principally described, his dis- 

 tinctions are so minute, that the more or less angular 

 form of the aperture the presence or absence of 

 an umbilicus were sufficient to establish separate 

 genera. In the univalves, which was the only por- 

 tion he had methodically classed, this is strikingly 

 manifested, for, out of thirteen genera of chambered* 

 molluscs, which was all that other authors had de- 

 scribed, he formed no less than 100 eighty-seven 

 being entirely new, according to his plan ; it is need- 

 less to add that his arrangement would have been 

 interminable, and included almost as many genera as 

 species. 



Another work, embracing many new ideas, is the 

 Analytical Zoology of Dumeril, published in 1806. 

 In this he adopts the method of Cuvier, in placing 

 the molluscs before insects ; but he divided them 

 into five orders, adding a new and ill-assorted one 

 which he named Brachiopods. 



In 1809, Lamarck, obliged by his distinguished post 

 of Professor of Natural History, to follow the progress 

 of science, and to point out every new fact connected 

 with that study, proposed a new distribution of those 

 animals, adding a class he named Cirrhipods, which, at 

 the present day, may be considered as an intermediate 

 link between the molluscs and the articulated animals. 

 Keeping pace, therefore, with the new discoveries of 

 Cuvier, Peron and Lesueur, Lamarck again, in 1812, 

 published another edition of his work, greatly im- 

 proved and enlarged. From that period during the 

 three ensuing years, gradual advances were making 

 towards completing a system founded on the aua- 

 toinical structure of mollusca. 



In 1815, Oken appears to have been the first who 

 entirely abandoned the Linna-an arrangement in his 

 system of malacology ; but few new genera were added, 

 and even those of Lamarck curtailed ; but his work 

 is remarkable for the changes he has made in substi- 

 tuting new names for old ones, and thereby adding to 

 the difficulty of the study. 



In 1817, Cuvier published Le Regne Animal dis- 

 tribue d'apres son Organisation, a work w hich combined 

 all he had previously written on molluscs, adding 

 much valuable new information towards the com- 

 pletion of a natural system of malacology. 



In the following year, Lamarck commenced the 

 publication of his second edition of Animaux sans 

 Vertcbres, to which he added the previous information 

 derived from the researches of other authors, and 

 particularly a work of Dr. Leach on the Nematopods 

 and Cirrhipods, &c., in which he characterised several 

 new genera adopted by Lamarck, as were others sug- 

 gested by Sowerby in the fossil genera, which in 

 every instance are extremely interesting as connecting 

 links of the great chain of natural affinities, marking 

 the extraordinary mutations this planet has under- 



