TENUIROSTRES TERMITIDJL 



787 



Under the article SAWFLY we have given various 

 details relative to the natural history and structural 

 peculiarities of these insects, reserving for the present 

 article the technical details of the family. 



The mandibles are generally elongated and com- 

 pressed, the lower lip divided into three fleshy lobes, 

 the maxillary palpi always long, and composed of six 

 joints, and the labial four-jointed and short ; the wings 

 large, and exhibiting numerous cells ; the abdomen 

 cylindrical and nine-jointed ; behind the scutellum 

 are to be observed two small rounded bodies, gene- 

 rally differently coloured : the antennae are very 

 variable in their construction; in some being long, 

 slender, and cylindrical; in others short and terminated 

 by a large knob; in others three-jointed, the third 

 joint consisting of a long and cylindrical club; and in 

 others beautifully pectinated or ramose. The struc- 

 ture of the saws, which are in fact the chief charac- 

 teristic of the groups, is detailed in the article above 

 referred to. 



The family is exceedingly numerous, the species 

 generally of large or moderate size ; and the colours 

 often handsomely varied. They are entirely herbi- 

 vorous in the larva state, occasionally doing much 

 mischief. 



The genera are numerous. Those of Pcrga, Sy- 

 zi.'gDiria, Pachylosticla, and Cimbcx (from which last 

 Dr. Leach has separated many of the specie*, under 

 the names of Trichiosoma, Aniasis, ZarcEa, Abia, &c.) 

 have the antennae short and clubbed. The genera 

 Hylotoma, Schizocenis, and Ptilia, have the antennae 

 three-jointed and terminated by a long cylindrical 

 club; those of the males of Sc/iizoccrus are divided 

 into two long equal branches. The restricted genus 

 Tt'iit/nrdfi, together with Allunlits, Dolcrus, Nematws, 

 I 'rix/ij>//ora, Se/andria, Fenusa, Dosi/theits, Emphytus, 

 Crtc.sua, Cladins, &c., have the antennae simple, and 

 generally nine-jointed. In Pterygophorus and Lo- 

 phynis the antennas are deeply bipectinated in the 

 males, and in the genera Tarpa and Lyda they are 

 long, setaceous, and multiarticulate ; the genera are 

 also distinguished by the variable number of the cells 

 of the upper wings. 



The genus Tenthredo, as restricted by a late writer, 

 comprises those species which have nine-jointed 

 antenna?, with the third joint of the same length as 

 the fourth, and with two marginal and Four sub-mar- 

 ginal cells. Stephens describes about thirty British 

 species, thetypebeingthe TentlircdoRajxcot Linnaeus. 



TENUIROSTRES Slender-billed birds. A 

 family of the order Passeres, comprising the nut- 

 hatches, creepers, humming-birds, and hoopoes. They 

 differ much in their appearance and habits. See 

 BIRD. 



TEPHRITIS (Latreille ; TRYPETA, Meigen). A 

 genus of dipterous insects, belonging to the family 

 MuscidcE, having the abdomen terminated by an 

 elongated, cylindrical, and exserted tube ; the head 

 is transverse and rounded, the antennae short and 

 three-jointed, the seta at the base of the third joint 

 being naked, or scarcely pubescent ; the alulets small, 

 the wings vibratile when in action, but laid flat upon 

 the back when at rest. These flies are very beau- 

 tiful, owing to the ornamental markings of the wings, 

 which are varied with bars, circles, stars, &c., of 

 endless variety of form. They are generally found 

 upon composite flowers in the hot summer months, 

 the females depositing their eggs amongst the seeds of 

 those plants upon which the larvae feed. Some species, 



however, introduce their eggs into the epidermis of 

 the same plants, producing large galls of various sizes. 

 Such is the case with Tephritis cardui, the type of 

 the genus, which is the cause of the formation of the 

 large galls often observed upon thistles. According 

 to M. Catoire. the inhabitants of the Isle of France 

 are scarcely able to obtain sound oranges, in conse- 

 quence of the attacks of a species supposed to belong 

 to this genus, but which we should rather conceive to 

 be ihe'Ceratitet citripcrda of MacLeay. (Zool. Journ.) 



TEPHROSIA (Persoon). A genus of plants of 

 very various habit; viz., shrubs, umlershrubs, and 

 herbs, scattered , over every quarter of the globe. 

 The flowers are diadelphous, and belong to Legii- 

 minosce. They are nearly allied to the genus Gafega. 



TEREBINTH ACE^E. A large natural order, 

 containing twenty-seven genera, and one hundred 

 and forty-two species already described. There is so 

 much diversity in the structure and qualities of the 

 plants here associated, that botanists have found diffi- 

 culty in making the order purely congenerous ; this 

 circumstance has caused the order to be separated 

 into seven tribes, namely, Anacardica:, Sumachinece, 

 Spondiacca:, BurSfrecetS, AmgridccE, Spatlicliacece, and 

 Connaracece. The general character of the order is 

 that the different genera are resiniferous, with mostly 

 exstipulate dotted leaves, and imbricate oestivation of 

 the calyx ; superior ovaries, few in number, exalbu- 

 minous seeds, and the radicle of the embryo turned 

 towards the hilum. It contains many useful and 

 economical plants, as the cashew and pistachio nuts, 

 the spondias and mangos of India. The Balsamoden- 

 dron, Idea, Amyris, lUius, and Meloiwrrhvea, are all 

 plants yielding valuable resins, gum, varnish, &c., 

 useful in the arts. Several of the genera and species 

 are hardy, and all may be propagated by lavers, 

 cuttings, or seeds, as described under the various 

 genera, 



TEREBRANTIA (Latreille). A primary sec, 

 tion of the Hymenoptero:is order of insects. See 

 HYMENOPTERA. 



TERMINALIA (Linnaeus). A genus of orna- 

 mental trees, natives of India. The flowers are 

 polygamous, and the genus belongs to Combretacwe. 

 T. vernix affords a resinous juice that is used in China 

 as a varnish, and T. Catctppa yields a black pigment, 

 with which the Indians dye their cloth. In our col- 

 lections these plants are increased by cuttings. 



TERMITID^E (TF.KMKS, Linnaeus). A very 

 extensive and at the same time destructive tribe 

 of insects, placed by Linnaeus in the order Aptcra, 

 on account of the apterous condition of some of the 

 individuals, whilst the winged individuals he regarded 

 as belonging to the order Ncuroptcra, placing them 

 in the genus Hemerobius (II. tcstaceus). The small 

 insects comprising the family Psocidce of Leach 

 (which see), were also placed by Linnaeus in the genus 

 Tcrnics, 



These insects are well known under the name of 

 white ants, and are distinguished from other neurop- 

 terous insects by having the tarsi composed of four 

 joints, the three basal joints being very small, the 

 wings laid horizontally upon each other over the back 

 when at rest, and far exceeding the length of the 

 body, the head is rounded, the pro-thorax square 

 or semicircular and depressed, as is the general form 

 of the body ; the antenna; are short, the mouth armed 

 with strong dentate jaws, galeated maxillae, and a 

 quadri-lobed lower lip (thus very closely resembling 

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