136 BRITISH DAIRYING. 



furnish at least i Ib. of cake daily to every cow during the 

 winter." 



Sweden has followed the lead and copied the methods of 

 Denmark, and is now also reaping the benefits which accrue 

 from co-operative butter-making. 



Germany. 



Ten years ago there were less than two hundred large dairies, 

 private and co-operative, in Germany, excluding Bavaria, and 

 the number of these has since risen to 2,673, f which more 

 than a thousand are worked by co-operative associations of 

 farmers. The principle of co-operation is spreading in 

 Hanover, and, indeed, throughout the dairying sections of 

 the Empire. 



The separator is used generally, though in a few establish- 

 ments the once equally popular "Swartz" process is still em- 

 ployed. This last, however, will gradually disappear, for there 

 is no " system ; ' of creaming that can compare at all favourably 

 or even equally with the separator. 



"The cream is nearly always allowed to turn before being 

 churned; only in a very few districts is the cream churned 

 sweet. As regards the question of the degree of sourness of 

 the cream,. Dr. Schrodt, late Director of the Kiel Dairy Station, 

 remarks as follows : ' The butter was manufactured from 

 slightly soured cream. The cream obtained from the separator 

 in the morning was immediately cooled to a temperature of 

 46 to 50? Fahr., and allowed to remain in the cellar until the 

 evening of the same day, when the process of souring was begun. 

 This, in the cool season of the year, was carried out by warming 

 the cream to 59 Q to 68, Fahr., and keeping it at that tempe- 

 rature for about thirty- six hours. In the summer season the 

 cream was not warmed, but attention was rather directed to 

 keeping it cooler for a longer period, according to the tempera- 

 ture of the atmosphere. After about thirty-six hours the cream, 

 under the influence of a suitable temperature, had attained the 

 desired degree of sourness, and was thus ready for churning in 



