Leading Articles in thi-: Reviews. 



279 



WHEN WILL WAR CEASE? 

 When the Comminitv Revolts Ai;ainst the State. 

 In the Intemaliottal Journal oj Ethics for Januar>- 

 there is a most suggestive and useful paper, entitled 

 " War and Civilisation," by Mr. K. M. iMacIver, of 

 King's College, Aberdeen. Mr. Maclver points out 

 that the State, which once was conterminous with the 

 community, is now only representative of a dwindling 

 percentage of the vast range of the interests of the 

 community, which become more and more international 

 everv year. War will cease when the community 

 which is international revolts against the right of the 

 State to declare war. 



WAR AN ANACHRONISM. 



Mr. Maclver contrasts the ancient military isolated 

 State with the modem community : — 



The city was once the .State, so far a? a State existed, ani^ 

 wlierc the political society is co-extensive with and equal to 

 ■!jc whole social life of t!ie community, that community is 

 !iireby essentially cut otV from all others. The new civilisa- 

 ■1 in, bringing to civilised peoples an ever-increasing and 

 iltogether new solidarity, is thereby ni.iking war more ami 

 mjre a meaningless survival. It is not our doing, we cannot 

 liilp ourselves. It is soli<larity that is making war unintelligible : 

 lie credit system merely makes it more disastrous. Isolation is 

 lie source of all hostility, the allegc<l causes are mainly 

 [■rclexts. 



THE STATE AND THE CO.MMl NITV. 



The State is nowadays one among other societies, 

 fundamental, necessary, and the most authoritative, 

 l>ut neither alone fundamental nor alone. The greatest 

 ucial phenomenon of the present age is the expansion 

 of society beyond the limits of any one State. It is 

 perhaps the greatest distinction between the modern 

 and the ancient world, but we have as yet failed to 

 Iring our political thought into accord with this 

 iU\elopment. The civilised world is becoming more 

 ,ind more rapidly an effective society. Each country 

 is becoming more and more bound up in the welfare 

 of earh. 



LlKtrt.) 



For the Peace of Europe. 

 Poor I'eatc ! 



lt'..tis 



THE P.\THWAV TO PEACE. 



The community which is international will some 

 day question the right of the State to declare war. 

 For war is the breaking down of all community, and 

 men will ask what right the State has to carry on 

 warfare, when, as is now the case, the State is not 

 co-extensive with society. 



'I"he stages in the path to peace have already been 

 traced ; — 



So far as we can discern the dim beginnings of civilised life, 

 first in the history of peoples came the law, never enacted or 

 procl.iimed, next the court, the jurisdiction, the "doom," 

 revealing but not making law, and last of all the legislature 

 took law into its charge. International law is following exactly 

 the same course. 



The Hague Tribunal has already begun its operations, 

 and they will be extended. President Taft proposes 

 to submit questions of honour to arbitration, and his 

 example will be followed. Disarmament will come 

 piecemeal by itself. War will cease to be regarded as 

 the test of manhood. " God has found in place of 

 war the tests of social and commercial progress." 



MODERN GERMANY AND THE GERMANS. 



V,\ Professor Mvnsterberg. 

 Professor .Munsterberg contributes to the North 

 American Review for February a characteristic essay- 

 on " The Germany of To-day." 



THE secret of GER.MAN SICCESS. 



The Germans, says the Professor, owe their industrial 

 prosperity : (i) to frugality, thrift, and a hatred of 

 waste ; (2) to a natural spirit of enterprise ; (3) an 

 inborn delight in industrious activity. The German 

 loves his amusements in his leisure hours and can be 

 happy with most naive pleasures. But he knows that 

 work is work, and that it should be done with t)ie best 

 efforts of the whole personality. Hut besides all these 

 things, the Professor points out how much the German 

 owes to the fact that he thinks first of the community 

 and secondly of the individual : — 



For him the final aim is never the individual ; his aim is the 

 life and progress of the community, not as a mere summation 

 of millions of individuals, but .as an independent unity. The 

 whole (Jerman life is controlled by this belief in the real exist- 

 ence of the general mind as against the individual mind. This 

 attract community is the real goal of interests, and the claims 

 of any individuals must Iw subordinate 1 toil. 



THE GERMAN LOVE OF PEACE. 



Professor Munsterberg will have it that the mainten- 

 ance of the German army is conclusive evidence of 

 the German passion for peace. The forces — 



which really work toward the conservation of Kuropcan peace 

 become more stable anil firm in Germany from year to year. 

 The strong new nalion.ilism and patrinlism with all its pride 

 in the ('•erman army and ilscnnlrmpi for a weak cosinopolitanism 

 is not at all in contrast bu' ullimaltly in <lcepest harmony with 

 this peace-loving intcrnalionalisui which acknowled^'es and 

 respects the characteristics of every other nation. 



