5i6 



Ihe Review of Reviews. 



June 



THE REVL'E DE PARIS. 



The fiist llaich iiuuiljer ot the iCerue de I'uits . 

 opens with an article, bv Louis Barthou, ou '• The 

 Syndicate Movement Among Teachers in France." 

 The law ou protes-sional syndicates or unions in 

 France ha.s loug attracted attention. The teachers 

 of Var wiie the hrst to torm a teacher.s' syndicate in 

 1893 in viol.itiou ot the law. 



IXKrO IX JAPAN. 



Louis Aubert has an article on ' Tlie Inkyo in 

 Japan.'' When a Japanese Ijecomes inkyo. it means 

 ho has gone into a retreat. The custom, which caiue 

 trom Judia, was tirst adopted by the nobles in the 

 temples, and then imitated by people ot all classes. 

 Tlie;ie people retired trom private life at the age of 

 forty to live according to their own tastes, and at 

 Kyijto there are beaut itu) gardens which were plan- 

 ned and laid out tor the nobility, who, with shaved 

 heads and in Buddhist dress, leftthe world to become 

 inkyo. To retire at the age of forty is still the dream 

 of every Japanese, but the Japanese Government 

 does not favour the custom. The nation is, in fact, 

 too busy in the world's affairs to permit men of forty 

 to retire from activity. 



In the second March number Guglielmo Ferrero 

 gives us a study ot Antony and Cleopatra. Historians 

 repeat over and over again that Augu.stus was the 

 heir of Caesar in the history of the world, and that 

 he achieved what his adoptive father had begun or 

 planned. This, according to the present writer, is a 

 grave error which has prevCiited a proper under- 

 standing of tlie two rivals of the last civil war, Octa- 

 vius and Antony. Jt the real heir of a policy is he 

 Avho carries it cut. the spirit ot Ca-sar continued to 

 act in Antony and not in Octavius. In the two last 

 years ot his life, C«sar. preoccupied by the. grave 

 political and economic situation whicli the civil war 

 had created, had hoped to find the solution of all the 

 difhcultie.s in the conquest of Persia. 



At his death Antony took up the great idea, but 

 tor two years his attention was absorbed by his 

 troubles with the conspirators. As soon as possible, 

 however, he set about the conquest of Persia, and at 

 the beginning of the year 40 B.C., after a sojourn of 

 a few months at Alexandria, he left Cleopatra, and 

 during the next three years he did not see her again, 

 but devoted himself with admirable eneigv to great 

 preparations for the conquest of Persia. He did an 

 even more extraordinary thing, at least for a lover 

 of Cleopatra : he married Octavia, the sist«r of Oc- 

 tavius. From B.C. 40 to 37 it would be impos-sible to 

 discover the least trace of any influe-ice of ClecH 

 patra's over Antony, though Antony's relations with 

 the Egyptian Court were by no means broken off. In 

 the year b.c. c6 Antony married Cleopatra at An- 

 tioch, and then departed fdr Peisia. 



SCiNOINAVUN MAGiZINES. 



Kriii(isjn(i (February "iStli) contains an article bv 

 Major L. L. Seaman, of Xew York, entitled '• Japan's 

 Greatest Triumph— Her Conquest of the Hidden 

 Enemy, Disease," in which he asserts that, without 

 belittling in the snialle.st degree the bravery of her 

 soldiers and the strategical skill of her generals, it 

 is to her magnificent sanitary organisation and the 

 energetic precautions of lieV medical corps that 

 Japan owes her splendid victory in the recent war, 



What avails it that the bravest of armies and 

 most cunning of leaders direct their combined force, 

 physical and mental, against an open and visible 

 enemy which, as the war .statistics of three centuries 

 prove, kills only 20 per cent., while the remaining 80 



per cent, are laid low by the lurking, insidious, and 

 ever-present foe, Disease? 



Japan, says Major Seaman, has taken to heart this 

 lesson from the lecprds of war, and when war became 

 inevitable she began to organise forces against this 

 .stronger enemy — sent out shrewd medical men to 

 study and improve upon the methods of other na- 

 tions, gave the chiefs ot her sanitary corps as much 

 authority and responsibility in their own sphere of 

 action and as much chance of reward and promotion 

 as to her iniiitary leaders. 



From a visit paid by himself to the headquarters 

 of General Oku s army, Major Seaman found that 

 the instrument mast in use in the campaign was not 

 the Muratti rifle, but the microscope. He is enthu- 

 siastic over the massage treatment, which since long 

 ago has played an important part in the cure of 

 disease, and has proved very effective. 



Another interesting article in Kringsjaa is Kristian 

 Gloersen's description of a Christmas sojourn in 

 Uome. 'riie first place v sited was the church, St. 

 .Stephen's Rotondo, which is only open ou one day in 

 the year — St. Stephen's Day — when service is Hold. 

 This church was, as its name implies, torraerly round, 

 but additions have since been made to convey the 

 idea of a cross-church. The interior is particularly 

 gruesome, the walls all round being covered with re- 

 pre.sentations of martyrs undergoing the mast ter- 

 rible tortures. As the writer says, it must, indeed, 

 be well-nigh impossible for ner\ ous people to endure 

 the honor of having such ghastly scenes thrust upon 

 the s;ght wherever the eye may turn. Herr Gloersen 

 also visited the church, Santa Maiia Aracefi, where 

 the Holy Child was being exhibited — an image carved 

 in the seventeenth century trom the wood of an olire 

 tree on t'ne Mount of CHvos. A children's service 

 was being held. Herr Ginersen imagined that this 

 meant a service for children, and was surprised to 

 learn that it meant sermons '.;/ children — infants of 

 two and three being lifted up to a sort of pulpit or 

 platform to go through a comefly of preaching. Some 

 v.ere frightened and wanted to be set down at once, 

 but others gaily lisped out .some ver.se they had been 

 taught dealing with II Santa Bambina, one lovely 

 little child of five playing her part with the utmost 

 seriousness, turning hep- eves heavenward and using 

 the most dramatic gesture-. The effect upon Herr 

 rflcersen and his friend was wholly saddening. 



In Varla iNo. 2) there is a pleasantlv-written ac- 

 count, contributed by Ebba D. G , of "the Amaran- 

 thine Order, which was founded by Queen Cliristina 

 (f Sweden and has survived to the present day. 



" La regina iiomade," as that gifted but pleasure- 

 loving and restless monarch was called, delighted in 

 glitter and extravagant ili-ulay. and the Order was 

 founded at a sumptuous banquet which she gave on 

 Twelfth Day. KwS, to cnmmemorate the ending of 

 that periofl of privation and national peril known as 

 ■the lnuiel-crown."d bark-bread years," and the glorv 

 and renown with which .Sweden, after the Peace of 

 Wctphalia, has emerged fn.m the Thirty Ye^ars' War 

 -a powerful and triumphant State. The Court of 

 Christina was the resplendent gathering-place of the 

 foremast savants and bluest-blooded aristocrats of the 

 tune, while amba<sadoi-s and learned men from other 

 binds added to the wit and brilliance of the chosen 

 circle. 



The banquet was conceived after the .Vugustine 

 style— a magnificent repa.st at which the guests were 

 rods a'ld eoddesses feastin-^ in .\rcadia. and waited 

 noon by the illustrious hoste-s her.self in the charac- 

 ter of Amarantha. the Shenherdess. In the midst of 

 the revelry. Christina chnno-ed her costume and 

 passed her splendid fancy dre<;s over to her guests to 



