85 



The Review of Reviviws. 



July I. 1906. 



LA REVUE. 



An interesting item in both April numbers of La 

 JRciuc is the publication of extracts from the " Cahiers 

 de Jeunesse, 184o-6," of Ernest Renan. 



WOMEN IX CHINA AXD IN EUSSIA. 



Francis Murj- has an article on China in the first 

 April number. He t<?lls lis that women are playing 

 an important part in the new reform movement. The 

 Dowa<:cr Empress, who five years ago dethroned her 

 nephew for showing liimself a partisan of political 

 innovations, is taking the initiative in the reorganisa- 

 tion of the Cele.stial Empire. She has already effected 

 certain important reforms. Schools have already been 

 iiii-titut-tKl tor the Chiueie women, reviews for women 

 are being published, and Chinese women-writ«rs have 

 oome into existence. In short, the evolution of the 

 Cliivcse women is a striking sign of the transformation 

 whic 1 China is undergoing. Ten years ago no one 

 oould have foretold that such an extraordinary revolu- 

 tion in the manners and habits of the Chinese as that 

 which has taken place would have been possible. 



In tile same number G. Savitch, in the series of 

 articles on Literary Types of the Russian Crisis, writes 

 on the Eussiau Woman. He say.s tiat emancipation 

 is always bilateral ; it liberates both oppressed and 

 oppressor. Such liberties as Rus.sian women acquired 

 half a century ago had as a re.^ult an increase of the 

 libert:es of man himself in relation to his masters. 

 Similarly the liberties which the woman of the people 

 gains over her husband, over the mir, and those who 

 exploit her, will have as a consequence the emancipa- 

 tion of the country from the power of officials, 

 usurers, etc. — that is to say, the new Russian woman 

 movement will result in the complete and definite 

 emancipation of the whole country. 



M. CLEMENOEAU. 

 Mauric-e Leblond contributes a study of Georges 

 Clemenceau, in which he maintains that the Georges 

 Clemenceau of the past is virtually the same Georges 

 Clemenceau to-da.v. Any distinctions can only be very 

 superficial. He does not contradict himself, and in 

 his political career and his literary work it is easy to 

 recognise the logic and the continuity of his mental 

 evolution. His life constitutes a whole, and, to use 

 an expression dear to him, his works form a block 

 from which nothing can be detached or thrown away. 

 Like the article in the Xouvdie Heme, it is an in- 

 teresting character-sketch the writer gives us. 



CESAEE LOMBEOSO. 



In the second number, Paola Lombrosa writes a bio- 

 graphical note on her father, in which she explains 

 how he gradually came to be so much interested in 

 the study of criminals. Cesare Lombroso, writes his 

 daughter, began life with a desire to become a philo- 

 logist. He was deeply interested in Greek and Latin, 

 and at the age of twelve he published an essay on 

 tJie '• Greatness and the Decadence of Rome.'' " He 

 continued his philological studies for some years, 

 and then took up medicine, especially the study of 

 mental disease, with equal ardour. His worst work on 

 •• Tha White Man and the Coloured Man " marks his 

 natural transition from the studv of languages to the 

 study of the mind. He preferred this to^any other of 

 his works, yet it is almost unknown. 



It was a greater transition from mental diseases to 

 criminal anthropology than the previous transition 

 had been, and a long series of preparatorv anthro- 

 pological studies preceded it. Most curious of all, at 

 the age of twenty-three Lombroso joined the army and 

 led a military life for six years. But the time was not 

 altogether lost: he collected much useful material 

 for tis futui-e work. For some time he was obliged 



to live by his pen, and though a facility of composi- 

 tion was never wanting, we are told hi^ writing was, 

 and is still, indecipherable. Happily he soon gained 

 the post of director of a lunatic asylum, and there he 

 had favourable opportunities for carrying on his 

 .studies. The tir.--t subject which he took up was- 

 pellagra, which he showed to bo caused by eating un- 

 sound maize. This question occupied ten years, years 

 of strife they may ha called, but he thus learnt that 

 it was no lise to discover the cause of the raiscliief 

 without doing something to have it removed ; and 

 without this experience he might have published his 

 theories about criminal man without a word as to the 

 necessity of adding to the science of crime practical 

 reforms of the penal laws. 



THE NOUVELLE REVUE. 



Writing in the Xouvelle Bevue of April 1st Marcel 

 Theaux gives us a study of M. Clemenceau aud th* 

 Social Question. 



M. CLEMENCEAU. 

 The writer defines M. Clemenceau's attitude to the 

 social problem : — '"To reconcile justice with liberty — 

 that is to say, to give to everv- citizen such intellec- 

 tual, moral and material conditions as will enable 

 him to reap the advantages of liberty." And the 

 means by which this end is to be attained were set 

 forth in a speech which M. Clemenceau made on Feb- 

 ruary 1st. 1884; — "We demand equality of educa- 

 tional rights, of rights to liberty, and of rights to the 

 most comp.ete and useful exercise of every human 

 activity." Thus the first duty of society is to provide 

 education for every man, and the second to allow 

 him ■■ complete liberty, political and economic' The 

 intervention of the State ought not to be oppressive. 

 M. Clemenceau said: — 



When I consider that the State ought to intervene to aid 

 and to help tlie trnfortunate, and to equalise their chances 

 in the struggle, I mean tbat it should not stifle individual 

 initiative, I mean that this assistance should only be siven 

 to prepare a return to liberty, in oroportion as "the forces 

 are equalised, both by education and progressive modifi- 

 cations of economic conditions. 



It is not a question of oppressing capitalism; it is a ques- 

 tion of simpl.v restoring capitalism to the limits of its 

 rights in order to permit a pacific and progressive return 

 to economic truth, aud to liberty, in accordance with the 

 complete emancipation of the salaried classes and the 

 organisation of oerfect liberty. 



THE PATRIOTISM OF MADAME ADAM. 

 An anonymous writer contributes an appreciation of 

 the Patriotism of Madame Adam, based on the fourth 

 volume of her memoirs, entitled " My Illusions and 

 Our Sufferings during the Siege of Paris." Madame 

 Adam, the founder of the Nouvdlr Et;iu€. intended 

 her journal of the siege of Paris for her daughter, 

 but, sa.vs the writer of the present article, it far ex- 

 ceeds its original aim ; it is to France and to huma- 

 nity that it is addressed. Madame Adam writes of 

 Gambetta : — 



Gambetta is all that we believed him to be. He has ar- 

 ranged everything. He ought to have been financial, poli- 

 tical, and military administrator. The choice which he, as 

 Minister of W.ar. made of commanders, generals, and ad- 

 mirals shows his knowledge of men. All those whom he 

 chose are destined to be the chiefs of the new French 

 Arm.v. . . . All are agreed that if we had had inside 

 Pans a man capable of the energj- which Gambetta has dis- 

 played outside, we should have conquered I 



THE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF EUSSIA. 

 In the second April number F. Maes has an article 

 on the above subject. He applies to Russia the words 

 which Goethe used on the evening of the day of the 

 battle of Valmy : '■ Here, in this place, at this hour, 

 opens a new era in the history of the world.'' A real 

 trausformation is being prepared in Russia, M. Maes 



