Leading Articles im the Reviews. 



509 



and the three Powers, Austria, Prussia and Russia, 

 united in a Hol\ Alliance into a close leafriic for crushing 

 out all motions towards national independence or 

 constitutional change. Its principles were last applied 

 in the fatal intervention of the Tsar Nicholas in 

 Hungary on behalf of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1849. 

 It did not survive the Crimean War and the death of 

 the Emperor Nicholas. Thenceforth it was but a 

 memory, until in 1898 another Nicholas of Russia 

 summoned its uncorrupted spirit from the dead lo aid 

 him to convert a warring world to the gospel of perpetual 

 peace. 



THE NEW HOLY ALLIANCE AT THE HAGUE. 



The reviewer goes on to say that the new Holy 

 Alliance of which the pacificists dream would be faced 

 in- verv much the same problems as those which 

 r(,nfronted Alexander and his allies. They too propose 

 to establish their international system on the principle 

 of the preservation of the status quo ; they too would 



r empower the I'niversal Union, in the e\ent of any 



' State violating, or threatening to violate, the public 

 l.iw of the world, to bring it to reason by peaceful means, 

 • <\- if need be by arms. But what, under these circum- 

 i.mces, would become of the sovereign independence 

 111 nations, and especially of the small States ? As Sir 

 I'rederick Pollock points out, the effective working of 

 an international federal system demands a far greater 



k uniformity of political institutions and ideas among the 

 nations of the world than at present exists. The new 

 Holy Alliance, then, like the old, would find itself face 

 to face with revolutionary forces, which it would have 

 to repress, and in the end it would not bring peace, but 

 .1 sword. 

 Throughout this survey it is interesting to note the 



( enormous part that has been played by religion in the 

 lirst instance, and in the second hv Rus^^ia. 



Portrait of Napoleon at St. Helena. 



In the Ctnlury Magazine for ,\prll Mr, .\. .M. 

 Ilroadlcv brings to light for the first time a number of 

 life-like sketches of Napoleon at St. Helena, made b\- 

 Denzil Ibbetson, Assistant Commissary-Cuneral and 

 I'urveyor to Napoleon's establishment at I.ongwood 

 from f8i8 to 1824. Ibbetson had excellent oppor- 

 tunities for making drawings of Napoleon, Two 

 represent Napoleon on board the Northumberland : 

 another, known a.s the " Five Heads," also made on 

 board the Norlhumherland, depi<ts Napoleon and his 

 companions in exile. Two water-colour sketches show 

 Napoleon with Las Cases and liertrand at I.ongwood, 

 Finallv, there is the sketch made b\- Ibbetson of 

 Napoleon after death, on which Ibbetson based his 

 later oil-painting, now in the possession of Miss Laura 

 Ibbetson, and whi( h is comparatively unknown, 

 .\nothcr " after-death " picture is that of Captain 

 Marryat, the novelist ; a third was made by a Chinese 

 •irtist doing duly at Longwood as a (ook ; .md a 

 fourth by George Wcigall, a British officer. 



THE NEW FRANCE AND THE NEW GERMANY, 

 How THE Tables Have Been Turned, 

 In the Reime des Deux Motides of March i and April 1 

 M, Rene Pinon has an article entitled " France and 

 Germany, 1870-1912," 



A m.\tp;riai.istic Germany. 

 He concludes his study by saying that it was France 

 under the Second Empire who represented industrial 

 civilisation in all its lustre, and who then disturbed 

 Europe and troubled the world. France then believed 

 in an idealistic Germany, in a Germany of philosophers, 

 poets, and musicians. To-day, how^ever, it is Germany 

 who is absorbed in materialism. German original 

 philosophers and great writers are now quite rare, but 

 there is an abundance of philologists and exegetists, 

 chemists and physicians, of steel, coal, guns, gold, and 

 men. Material force, science, and wealth are worshipped, 

 and it is none other than the once idealistic Fatherland 

 which is causing anxiety to the peace of the world, 



THE NEW generation IN FRANCE, 



This new Germany has been weighing heavily on the 

 national life of France, and yet it has, perhaps, been 

 salutar\- for her moral health. Meanwhile there has 

 also grown up in France a new generation who did not 

 witness the war, a people not more patriotic perhaps, 

 but patriotic in another sense than were the people who 

 suffered the disasters of the war, and partly merited 

 them. The latter desired revenge for defeat ; the 

 former seek reparation for injustice. The permanence 

 of this problem, like remorse and hope, is in a certain 

 sense an immense good for France, giving her that 

 education of the heart which all nations need, for 

 nations, like individuals, live by the great thoughts 

 which come from the heart. 



THE POLICY OF FRENCH DEMOCRACY. 



A democracy like Frame requires a policy which 

 people can understand, because it is they who support 

 it, and who suffer if it is b.id. Public opinion is, after 

 all, queen of the world, but it must bo enlightened, and 

 must not deceive. The ancient monarchies might put 

 their trust in subtle combinations and complicated 

 intrigues. That cannot be the policy of a democracy ; 

 but a democracy may have a policy. For over forty 

 years that of France has precipitated nothing, and has 

 forgotten nothing ; the memory of a nation is longer 

 than that of kings, because individual weaknesses do 

 not prevent the sacred tru-.t from being transmitted 

 from the passing to the coming generation. Let those 

 who govern France then put their confidence in her ; 

 she will support them if they serve her well. As 

 Gorlchakoff once said, " France needs to be strong 

 and wise. She needs to be strong, that she may be able 

 to pla> the role in the world assigned to her," 



Till W'iiiJior for May contains a third article on 

 th(! art of Mr, I!. W. Leader, by Mr, ,\ustin Chester, 

 The reproduction of ado/on of the painter's delightful 

 pastoral scenes make the maga/.ine a ticasure indeed. 



