THE TESTICLE AND THE OVARY 347 



the " puberty gland " in the female. 1 When the ovaries in women 

 are subjected to Rontgen ray treatment the climacteric does not 

 supervene, and this is regarded as being due to the continued 

 function of the puberty gland. 2 Athias and Sand 3 have also 

 studied the development of the mammary glands and the secretion 

 of milk in castrated males with ovarian grafts. 4 



The most obvious result of ovariotomy in women before puberty is 

 that the uterus and oviducts remain infantile, and the breasts fail 

 to develop. 



Ovariotomy performed subsequently to puberty produces less 

 marked results than when carried out in early life. The most 

 noticeable effect is the cessation of menstruation, and this is 

 sometimes accompanied by an atrophy of the breasts and a tendency 

 towards obesity. Speaking generally, ovariotomy produces an 

 artificial climacteric. 



Most authorities are agreed that the uterus undergoes atrophy 

 after the removal of the ovaries in adult life, and that castration in 

 children and young animals arrests the development of the uterus. 5 

 These results are usually ascribed to the absence of ovarian influence, 

 though a few authors seem disposed to dissent from this view (see 

 below, p. 376). Thus, Hofmeir 6 and Beukiser 7 ascribe the 

 degenerative changes to an insufficiency in the blood supply 

 consequent upon the operation of removal, while Sokoloff 8 and Buys 

 and Vandervelte 9 have supposed these changes to be due to a 

 severance of nerves passing to the uterus. 



In a series of experiments which were performed 10 upon the effects 

 of ovariotomy in rabbits, it was found that the extent to which the 



I For references, see p. 331. 



- Steinach and Holzknecht, for. cit. 



3 Sand, loc. cit. 



4 Athias, "L'Activite secretaire de la Glande Mammaire hyperplasee chez 

 le Cobaye Male Chatre consecutivement a la Graffe de 1'Ovaire," G. If. de fa 3oc. 

 de BioL, vol. Ixxviii., 1915. 



'"' Kehrer, Px'itrage znr Klin, vnd E.cper. Geburtskunde, Giessen, 1877. Hegar, 

 Die Kastration der Frauen, Leipzig, 1878. Sellheim, " Die Physiologic dei' 

 Weiblichen Genitalien," NagePs Handbuch der Physiologic des Menscfien, vol. ii., 

 Braunschweig, 1906. This article contains further references. 



II Hofmeir, " Ernahrung und Riickbildungsvorgange bei Abdominal- 

 tumoren," Zeitsch. /. Geburtsh. n. Gynfil:, vol. v. 



7 Benkiser, VerhandL d. Deutsch. GeseU. /'. Gynak. t Fourth Congress, 1891. 



8 Sokoloff, " Ueber den Einfluss der Ovarienextirpation auf Structur- 

 verunderungen des Uterus," Arch. f. Gym'ik., vol. li., 1896. 



Buys and Vandervelte, "Recherches Experimentales sur les Lesions 

 consecutives a I'Ovariotomie Double," Arch. Ital. de Biol., vol. xxi., 1894. 



1M Carmichael and Marshall, "The Correlation of the Ovarian and Uterine 

 Functions," Pro<\ Hoy. Soc., B., vol. Ixxix., 1907. Bucura (" Beitrage zur 

 inneren Funktion des weiblichen Genitals," Zeitschr. f. Heilkunde, vol. xxviii., 

 1907 ; and " Zur Theorie der inneren Sekretion des Eierstockes," Zent.f. Cri/nak., 

 vol. xxxvii., 1914) obtained similar results with rabbits, and Tandler and Keller 

 (loc. cit.) with cows. See also Shattock (Proc. Roy. Soc. 3fed., Path. Sect., 1910) 



