350 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION 



upon rabbits which confirmed those of Kiiauer, the ovaries being 

 transplanted in various abnormal positions. Grigorieff also records 

 two cases in which ovaries were successfully transplanted from one 

 individual to another (heteroplastic transplantation). Ribbert found, 

 in his experiments, that during the first month after transplantation 

 the peripheral part of the grafted ovary remained unaltered, but the 

 central part became transformed into connective tissue. At a later 

 period, however, the central portion was again found to contain 

 follicles. This fact is attributed to the conditions of increased 

 nutrition which Ribbert supposed to prevail when the ovaries had 

 been transplanted for a sufficiently long period to admit of their 

 having acquired better vascular connections. 



Halban l found that the uterus and mammary glands of guinea- 

 pigs from which the ovaries had been removed shortly after birth, 

 remained undeveloped ; but, if the ovaries were removed from the 

 normal position and grafted underneath the skin, the other generative 

 organs developed normally. 



Limon, 2 working upon rabbits, grafted ovaries beneath the muscle 

 layers of the abdominal wall and on to the peritoneum of the .same 

 individuals. The follicles showed a tendency to degenerate, but the 

 interstitial cells, after a short period of starvation, subset jiiently 

 recuperated and acquired a condition of perfect vitality. Limon 

 states that he found no sign of atrophy in the uterus after the 

 transplantation of the ovaries to an abnormal position. 



Carmichael 3 has recorded some success from experiments in 



1 Halban, " Ueber den Einfluss der Ovarien auf die Entwickelung des 

 Genitales," Monatschr. f. Gelurtsh. f u. Gynak.,\o\. xii., 1900. 



2 Limon, "Observations sur 1'Etat de la Glande Interstitielle dans les Ovaries 

 Transplantes," Jour, de Phys. et de Path. Gen., vol. xvi., 1904. 



3 Carmichael, "The Possibilities of Ovarian Grafting in the Human Subject, 

 etc.," Jour, of Obstet. and Gyncec., March 1907. Ovarian transplantation 

 in different species of animals has also been carried out by Herlitzka 

 ("Recherches sur la Transplantation des Ovaries," Arch. Ital. de Biol., 

 vol. xxxiv., 1900), Foa (" La Graffe des Ovaries en Relation avec Quelques 

 Questions de Biologie," Arch. Ital. de Biol., vol. xxxiv., 1900), Schultz ("Trans- 

 plantation der Ovarien auf Mannliche Tiere," Central, /. All. Path. u. Path. 

 Anat.y vol. xi., 1900), Guthrie ("Successful Ovarian Transplantation in Fowls," 

 Internat. Congress of Phys., Heidelberg, 1907, Abstract in Zent. f. PhysM., 

 vol. xxi., 1907 ; "Further Results of Transplantation of Ovaries in' Chickens," 

 Jour, of Exp. ZooL, vol. v., 1908). Schultz and other investigators, without 

 reference to the ovarian secretion theory, grafted the ovaries of guinea-pigs 

 on to the bodies of males and recorded some success. Herlitzka also grafted 

 the ovaries of guinea-pigs on to other individuals (heteroplastic trans- 

 plantation), some females and some males. Only one experiment was at all 

 successful, the ovary being transplanted on to a female. Foa was successful 

 with several heteroplastic grafts in rabbits, and even succeeded in inducing 

 pregnancy in an animal with a transplanted ovary. Guthrie's experiments 

 were upon fowls. He states that the ova in the heteroplastically transplanted 

 ovaries were influenced by the " foster-mother " (i.e. the birds into whom they 

 were grafted), since the offspring produced by fertilising these ova partook of 

 some of the foster-mother's characters (but see p. 209). For further references 



