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A set of plough harness for two horses consists of two winkers, 

 two collars, two sets names, two backhands, and four trace chains. 

 A complete set of harness, including saddle for dray work, leading 

 traces and plough harness, can be bought for about ^15 ; and a 

 new farm tip dray, with wide-tired wheels (which have the greatest 

 advantage in point of draught over narrow tires) may be purchased 

 for from 20 to ^"25. It should be borne in mind that time spent 

 in the care of harness is never time wasted. A thorough washing 

 and oiling while the leather is damp at frequent intervals adds 

 years to the life of harness. It also should not be forgotten that 

 the floor of the stable is not the best place to hang up harness, 

 neither is it pleasant for the horse to have the winkers left in the 

 manger with his feed. 



Before actually commencing ploughing, the width of the lands 

 into which the ground is to be ploughed must be decided upon, 

 and then they must be laid off. A chain (22 yards) wide is a most 

 convenient width. A line is marked with tall sticks (that are easily 

 seen between the horses) down the centre of the land, and when 

 this line is ploughed, the distance of the furrow to the centre of 

 the next land can be stepped off, and the second land laid out. 

 The ground should be first opened out, that is, a shallow furrow 

 should be thrown on each side away from the centre, and then up, 

 the same two furrows being turned back again a little deeper 

 towards the centre. By doing this the whole of the ground is 

 moved, and there will not be any unsightly scrub left to grow up 

 through the crown, as would be the case if the opening out were 

 not done first. The following hints on ploughing, from M* Kay's 

 Anstnilitin Agriculturist, will be of use to the beginner : 



Ploughs with one or two wheels are the easiest for the inex- 

 perienced. The plough should always be upright in the furrow 

 while at work. The wheels are for regulating the width and depth, 

 and for turning the plough round at each end of the field. The 

 small, or land wheel, runs on the surface of the ground, and the 

 higher it is drawn up the deeper the plough will work. The large 

 or furrow wheel runs in the furrow, level with the bottom of the 

 plough, and regulates the width of the furrow slice. The plough 

 will come out of its work easily at the end by a little pressure on 

 the handles while the horses are moving forwards. The plough 

 must not be lifted or carried round at the end of the work, but must 

 follow the horses or draught power, and must be turned on the 

 large, not on the small wheel. A little practice soon enables this to 

 be done easily. The draught chain at the head of the plough 

 should be set so that the plough will run straight forward in work, 

 and the best place will soon be found by trying it in the different 

 positions from the centre, either to the right or left. It 

 can also be raised or lowered for hard or soft land. Two 

 horses are found sufficient for ordinary work. Yoke them two 

 abreast. In dry soil, the animals should be further from the plough 



