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When the newly-ploughed land turns up rough and cloddy it 

 will be advisable, in order to secure a good seed bed, to break down 

 these clods. This may be done by using either a disc, a cutaway, or 

 a Morgan spading harrow, which are here illustrated, or one of the 

 homely but effective clod crushers also portrayed in the accompany- 

 ing woodcuts. 



THE CUTAWAY HARROW. 



The spading harrow, six feet wide, for two horses, costs 9, 

 and is really a most excellent implement, and more effective than 

 either the disc or the cutaway. I have had one in use now for three 

 years, and have no fault to find with it. If the new settler cannot, 

 however, afford one of these, then there is no excuse for his not 

 having one of the other simple appliances here shown for breaking 

 down rough land. 



Three logs, the last one being the heaviest, six auger holes, two 

 chains, and six pins driven through to keep the chains in place, and 

 the clod crusher is made and ready for use. It is dragged over the 

 ground like a harrow, and literally tumbles the clod to pieces. The 

 second one is a little more elaborate, and, if possible, more effec- 

 tive on the stiffer soils. The one here shown can be made in 

 half a day. Three railway sleepers, or similarly squared logs, placed 

 parallel eight inches apart, with two crosspieces and a dozen old 

 harrow teeth, are all the raw material required. Fit on the two 

 crosspieces by first sawing into the upper and front edge of each sleeper, 

 and split off a triangular-shaped piece, so that when the crosspieces are 

 bolted on, the front edge of the bottom of each sleeper will be about 

 three inches from the ground. The crosspieces should be bolted on 

 with two bolts through each sleeper. Some old drag or harrow teeth 



