4U 



MECHANICAL. 



mr.de annually a matter of interest thus 

 on warm summer days to take the height 

 of prominent trees, and so to compare 

 notes of growth from year to year. 



MEASURING TIMBER IN THE 

 TREE. — A simple method, and one that 

 can be put in practice at any time and 

 place, when one has only a measuring 

 rod, and has the experience of the writer, 

 'as follows : A stick of timber is desired, 

 gay fifty feet long. Select your tree, 

 measure fifty feet in a direct line from the 

 foot of the tree on as near level ground as 

 possible; now cut a stick the exact 

 heighth of the observer, and stick it in 

 the ground exactly perpendicular; now 

 let the observer lie flat on his back, his 

 feet against the stick and head in line of 

 tree and stick, and look directly over the 

 top of the stick, and where the line of 

 vision strikes the tree will be the length 

 of stick (fifty feet) desired. If the 

 ground is not level the measure will not 

 be exact, but allowance must be made. 



MEASURING, OR GAUGING.— Gaug- 

 ing is measuring the capacity of casks 

 and other round vessels. When a round 

 vessel has the same diameter throughout, 

 it is said to be cylindrical, or like a cylin- 

 der. The area of a cylinder is equal the 

 square of the diameter X.7854X heighth. 

 Hence, if we take the dimensions of di- 

 ameter and heighth in inches, to find the 

 number of gallons, we must divide the 

 product by 231, the number of inches in 

 a gallon. But '%&£ = .0034. Hence, 

 to find how many gallons a cylindrical 

 vessel will contain, multiply by .0034 the 

 product of the square of the diameter in 

 inches by the heighth in inches. To find 

 how many gallons a cask will contain, 

 multiply by .0034 the product of the 

 square of half the sum of the diameter, 

 at head and bung, by the length. To 

 find the capacity of a box or bin in bush- 

 els, multiply together the length, breadth 

 and heighth in feet, and the product by 

 I or .8. To find the size of a bin neces- 

 sary to hold a given number of bushels, 

 increase the number of bushels by one- 

 fourth, and resolve into three factors. 

 These will be the length, breadth and 

 heighth required. 



MEASURE, Heaped, to Estimate.— 

 Corn on the cob, apples, potatoes, 

 etc., are sold by heaped measure. A 

 heaped bushel contains 2509 inches; 



hence a cubic foot is ±l~ § or about .63 of 

 a heaped bushel. To estimate the num- 

 ber of bushels of corn, potatoes, apples, 

 etc., therefore, it is only necessary to find 

 the number of cubic feet and multiply by 

 .63. Some convenient rules for ascer- 

 taining cubical contents are here given. 

 Boxes, or Rectangular Bins, etc., multiply 

 together the length, the breadth and the 

 heighth. Cribs, flared — that is, smaller 

 at the bottom than at the top — add to- 

 gether the widths of the upper level of 

 the corn, and at the bottom, and divide 

 by two. Then multiply the quotient by 

 the length of the crib, and the product 

 by the depth of the corn. Heaps — If the 

 bottom of the heap be square or rectan- 

 gular, multiply the length by the breadth, 

 and the product by one-third the heighth. 

 If the bottom be circular, multiply the 

 square of the diameter by .7854, and the 

 product by one-third the heighth. For 

 ordinary purposes .7854 may be consid- 

 ered y^. Hence, to estimate the heaped 

 bushels in a round heap, square the di- 

 ameter, divide by 6 and multiply by the 

 heighth. Thus, a heap of apples 2 feet 

 in heighth and 6 feet in diameter would 

 contain 3 g 6 x 4 = 24 bushels. 



MEASURING GRINDSTONES— Which 



are sold by the stone, a cylinder, 24 inch- 

 es in diameter and 4 inches thick, multi- 

 ply together, in inches, half the diam- 

 eter, once and a half the diameter, and 

 the thickness. Then divide by 1728. 



MEASUREMENT OF PLUMBERS' 

 WORK. — Plumbers' work is rated at so 

 much per pound. Sheet lead, used in 

 roofing, guttering, etc., is from 6 to 10 

 pounds to the square foot, and a pipe of 

 an inch bore is usually 12 to 13 to the 

 yard in length, as seen below : 



Thickness Pounds to a Bore of Pounds 



of Lead. Square Ft. Leaden Pipe. Per Yard. 



STOVES, To Mend Cracks in.— Take 

 equal parts of wood ashes and common 

 salt, and mix them to a proper con- 

 sistence with water; with this fill the 

 cracks. 



