ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND FACTS FOR THE PEOPLE. 417 



from the labor saved, but from its yielding 

 a better quality of brick, by giving it 

 greater density, which adds to its strength. 



Fire brick is used for the facing of 

 ovens, furnaces, fire-places, etc., where a 

 very high degree of temperature is to be 

 sustained. It is composed of a very re- 

 fractory species of clay, that will remain 

 unimpaired by a degree of heat which 

 would vitrify and completely destroy or- 

 dinary brick. 



Bond, as it is technically called in brick 

 walling, is the form of connection of the 

 bricks with each other. There are two 

 modes employed. 



English bond, is that disposition of 

 bricks in a wall in which (except at the 

 quoins) the courses are alternately com- 

 posed of headers and stretchers. This 

 method gives the greatest strength that 

 can be obtained with rectangular bricks. 



Flemish bond, is that wherein the same 

 course consists alternately of headers and 

 stretchers, which, in appearance, is supe- 

 rior to English bond. It is defective, 

 however, in strength, particularly at the 

 angles; hence, good mortar is essential 

 where this kind of bond is used. 



If the surface of a brick be coated with 

 loose sand or dust when it is laid, the 

 mortar will not adhere to it ; hence, all 

 such dust or sand should be removed by 

 washing j and it is further desirable to 

 have the bricks well wetted before laying 

 them in dry weather. 



Measuring and estimating the value of 

 brick work is generally done at per thou- 

 sand of bricks laid, including labor, mor- 

 tar and scaffolding. 



In measuring walls faced with stock or 

 pressed bricks, take the area of such 

 facing as for common work, and add 8 

 inches in breadth and 4 inches in height 

 on each opening, and 4 inches at each 

 quoin, for the workmanship only, and 

 deduct the openings. When the open- 

 ings are without frames, and have the 

 jambs faced through the full thickness of 

 the wall, both jambs to be measured and 

 4 inches on each return on the inside to 

 be allowed. 



A superficial foot of facing to fronts will 

 take 7 bricks. 



In walls, take the whole length by the 

 height and thickness and deduct the 

 openings. 



In measuring for the length of party 

 27 



walls, take the dimensions clear of the 

 front and rear walls. 



No deductions to be made for plates, 

 bond timbers, sills, lintels, etc.; but 2 

 inches in height to be allowed for bed- 

 ding plates where no brick work is over 

 them. 



Chimneys are measured solid to allow 

 for the trouble of forming and pargetting 

 the flues. 



In chimney breasts, take the width ot 

 the face on each floor, and multiply by 

 the height and by the thickness project- 

 ing into the room. The fire-places not 

 deducted. 



In chimney tops, take the width and 

 multiply by the height above the roof, 

 and by the thickness or number of bricks 

 thick ; when projections on the top exceed 

 two courses of brick, two courses to be 

 added to the height. 



All chimney stacks, whether with square, 

 circular or octagon shafts, to measure 

 solid. 



In measuring isolated piers, take the 

 face and one return for the width, and 

 multiply by the height and thickness or 

 number of bricks thick. 



To measure brick cornices, take the 

 height and length, and that portion which 

 does not exceed 4^ inches projection 

 from face of wall, allow half brick thick; 

 over 4^ inches projection, and not ex- 

 ceeding 9 inches, allow one brick thick. 



Fire-walls, when carried up lor metallic 

 or composition roofing of the usual flat 

 pitch, add two courses of brick in height 

 for cutting the brick and waste thereon. 



Recesses in outside walls measured the 

 same as other openings; but the jambs to 

 be deducted from the opening. 



Recesses in inside walls of 3 feet and 

 over, to be deducted in toto. 



Recesses at window backs not de- 

 ducted. 



Gauged arches are sometimes deducted 

 and charged separately — sometimes not; 

 but whether deducted or not does not 

 signify, as the extra price must be allowed I 

 in the latter case, and the whole price in 

 the former. 



Rubbed and gauged arches, of what- 

 ever form, should be measured and 

 charged by the superficial foot. 



Semi-circular openings, when under 6 

 feet diameter, to measure solid; when. 



