44° 



MECHANICAL. 



slow heat, and with spirits of turpentine, 

 twenty parts. 



i. Prepared gum copal, ten parts; 

 white turpentine, two parts; dissolve in 

 spirits of turpentine. 



Gum copal is prepared and made more 

 soluble in spirits of turpentine by melting 

 the powdered crude gum, afterwards 

 again powdering and allowing to stand 

 for some time loosely covered. 



VARNISH, Dammar. — Gum dammar, 

 ten parts; gum sandarach, five parts; 

 gum mastic, one part; digest at a low 

 heat, occasionally shaking, with spirits of 

 turpentine, twenty parts. Finally add 

 more spirits of turpentine, to give the 

 consistency of syrup. 



VARNISH, for Engravings, Maps, etc. 

 — Digest gum sandarach, twenty parts; 

 gum mastic, eight parts; camphor, one 

 part, with alcohol forty eight parts. The 

 map or engraving must previously re- 

 ceive one or two coats of gelatine. 



VARNISH, Engraver's Stopping-out. — 

 "Take lampblack and turpentine to make 

 a paste. 



VARNISH, for Engraving on Glass.— 

 a. Wax, one ounce; mastic one-half 

 ounce; asphaltum, one-fourth ounce; 

 turpentine, one-half drachm. 



b. Mastic, fifteen parts; turpentine, 

 •seven parts; oil of spike, four parts. 



VARNISH, Etching.— a. White wax, 

 two ounces ; black and Burgundy pitch, 

 of each, one half ounce; melt together, 

 add by degrees powdered asphaltum two 

 •ounces, and boil till a drop taken out 

 on a plate will break when cold by being 

 cent double two or three times between 

 the fingers ; it must then be poured into 

 warm water and made into small balls for 

 use. 



b. Hard Varnish — Linseed oil and 

 mastic, of each four ounces; melt 

 together. 



c. Soft Varnish — Soft linseed oil, four 

 ounces; gun benzoin and white wax, of 

 each one half ounce; boil to two-thirds. 



VARNISH, Furniture.— White wax, 

 fifteen ounces ; yellow resin, one ounce, 

 powdered; spirits of turpentine, one 

 quart. Digest until dissolved. Lay it 

 on with a brush or cloth, and well polish 

 with clean pieces of woolen. 



The simplest, and perhaps the best is 

 the solution of shellac only, but may add 

 _gum sandarach, mastic, copal, arabic, 



benjamin, etc, from the idea that they 

 contribute to the effect. Gum arabic is 

 certainly never requred if the solvent be 

 pure, because it is insoluble in either 

 rectified spirit or rectified wood naphtha, 

 the menstrua employed in dissolving the 

 gums. As spirit is seldom used on ac- 

 count of its expense, most of the follow- 

 ing are mentioned as solutions in naphtha, 

 but spirits can be substituted when 

 thought proper: 



a. Shellac, one and one-half pounds; 

 naphtha, one gallon ; dissolve and it is 

 ready without filtering. 



b. Shellac, twelve ounces ; copal, three 

 Ounces (or an equivalent of varnish) ; 

 dissolve in one gallon of naphtha. 



c. Shellac, one and a half pounds, seed- 

 lac and sandarach, each four ounces; 

 mastic two ounces; rectified spirit, one 

 gallon, dissolve. 



d. Shellac, two pounds, benzoin, four 

 ounces; spirit, one gallon. 



e. Shellac, ten ounces; seed-lac, sanda- 

 rach, and copal varnish, of each six 

 ounces; benzoin, three ounces; naphtha 

 one gallon. 



To darken polish, benzoin and dragon's 

 blood are used; tumeric, and other 

 coloring matters are also added; and to 

 make it lighter it is necessary to use 

 bleach lac, though some endeavor to give 

 this effect by adding oxalic acid to the 

 ingredients; it, like gum arabic, is insolu- 

 ble in good spirt or naphtha. For all 

 ordinary purposes the first form is best 

 and least troublesome, while its appear- 

 ance is equal to any other. 



VARNISH, for Frames for Hot-Beds. 

 — Mix four ounces of pulverized white 

 cheese, two ounces of slacked lime, and 

 four ounces of boiled linseed oil. Mix, 

 and add four ounces each of whites and 

 yolks of eggs, and liquefy the mixture by 

 heat. This curious mixture is said to 

 produce a pliable and transparent varnish. 



VARNISH, Gold. — a. Tumeric, one 

 drachm; gamboge, one drachm; oil of 

 turpentine, two pints; shellac, five 

 ounces; sandarach, five ounces; drag- 

 on's blood, seven drachms ; thin mastic 

 varnish, eight ounces. Digest, with oc- 

 casional agitation, for tourteen days in a 

 warm place, then set it aside to fine, and 

 pour off the clear. 



b. Dutch leaf, one part; gamboge, four 

 parts; gum dragoon, four parts; proof 



