ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND FACTS FOR THE PEOPLE. 441 



spirit, eighteen parts. Macerate for twelve 

 hours, then grind on a stone slab. 



VAENISH, Glass.— This is a solution 

 of soluble glass, and should be thus 

 made : Fuse together fifteen parts of pow- 

 dered quartz (or of fine sand), ten parts 

 of potash and one of charcoal. Pulver- 

 ize the mass, and expose it for some days 

 to the air; treat the whole with cold 

 water, which removes the foreign salts, 

 etc. Boil the residue in five parts of water 

 until it dissolves. It is permanent in the 

 air, and not dissolved by cold water. 

 Used to protect wood, etc., from fire. 



VAENISH, Ground Glass, to Imitate.— 

 To make a varnish to imitate ground glass, 

 dissolve ninety grains of sandarach and 

 twenty of mastic in two ounces of wash- 

 ed methylated ether ; add, in small quan- 

 tities, a sufficiency of benzine to make it 

 dry with a suitable grain — too little mak- 

 ing the varnish too transparent, and ex- 

 cess making it carpy. It is important to 

 use washed ether, free from spirit. 



VARNISH, Green CopaL —Verdigris, 

 crystallized verdigris, compound green (a 

 mixture of yellow and blue). The first 

 two require a mixture of white in proper 

 proportions, from a fourth to two-thirds, 

 according to the tint to be given. The 

 white used for this purpose is ceruse, or 

 the white oxide of lead, or Spanish white. 

 Proceed as before. 



VARNISH, Pearl Grey CopaL— White 

 and black ; white and blue ; for example, 

 ceruse and lampblack, ceruse and indigo; 

 mix them with the varnish, according to 

 tint required. 



VARNISH, Black, for Harness.— Di- 

 gest shellac, twelve parts ; white turpen- 

 tine, five parts; gum sandarach, two 

 parts; lampblack, one part; with spirits 

 of turpentine, four parts ; alcohol, ninety- 

 six parts. 



VARNISH, for Harness. — One-half 

 pound India-rubber, one gallon of spirits 

 of turpentine ; dissolve by a little heat to 

 make it into a jelly, then take equal quan- 

 tities of hot linseed oil and above mix- 

 ture, and incorporate them well on a slow 

 fire. . 



VARNISHES, India-Rubber. — a. Cut 

 up one pound of India-rubber into small 

 pieces, and diffuse in half pound of sul- 

 phuric ether, which is done by digesting 

 in a glass flask on a sand bath. Then 

 add one pound pale linseed oil varnish, 



previously heated, and, after settling, one 

 pound of oil of turpentine, also heated 

 beforehand. Filter, while yet warm, into 

 bottles. Dries slowly. 



b. Two ounces of India-rubber finely 

 divided and digested in the same way with 

 a quarter of a pound of camphene, and 

 half an ounce of naphtha or benzole. 

 When dissolved, add one ounce of copal 

 varnish, which renders it more durable. 

 Principally for gilding. 



c. In a wide-mouthed glass bottle, di- 

 gest two ounces of India-rubber in fine 

 shavings, with one pound of oil of tur- 

 pentine, during two days without shaking, 

 then stir up with a wooden spatula. Add 

 another pound of oil of turpentine, and 

 digest, with frequent agitation, until all is 

 dissolved. Then mix a pound and a half 

 of this solution with two pounds of very 

 white copal oil varnish, and a pound and 

 a half of well boiled linseed oil, shake and 

 digest in a sand bath, until they have 

 united into a good varnish. For moroc- 

 co leather. 



d. Four ounces India-rubber in fine 

 shavings are dissolved in a covered jar by 

 means of a sand bath, in two pounds of 

 crude benzole, and then mixed with four 

 pounds of hot linseed oil varnish, and a 

 half pound of oil of turpentine. Dries 

 very well. 



e. Flexible Varnish. — Melt one pound 

 of rosin, and add gradually half a pound 

 of India rubber in very fine shavings, and 

 stir until cold. Then heat again, slowly, 

 add one pound linseed oil varnish, heat- 

 ed, and filter. 



f. Another. — Dissolve one pound of gum 

 dammar, and half a pound of India rub- 

 ber, in very small pieces, in one pound of 

 oil of turpentine, by means of a water 

 bath. Add one pound of hot oil varnish 

 and filter. 



g. India rubber in small pieces, washed 

 and dried, are fused for three hours in a 

 close vessel, on a gradually heated sand 

 bath. On removing from the sand bath, 

 open the vessel, and stir for ten minutes, 

 then close again, and repeat the fusion on 

 the following day, until some globules ap- 

 pear on the surface. Strain through a 

 wire sieve. 



h. Varnish for Water-proof Goods. — 

 Let a quarter of a pound of India rubber, 

 in small pieces, soften in a half pound of 

 oil of turpentine, then add two pounds of 



