ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND FACTS FOR THE PEOPLE. 563 



dirty red tinge, but if it first be run 

 through a solution of acetate of alumina, 

 dried at a high temperature, washed, and 

 then run through a madder bath, it will 

 come out of a permanent and lively red. 

 The principal of mordants are the acetates 

 of iron and alumina, sulphate of iron 

 alum, and some other chemical salts. A 

 perfect knowledge of the behavior of 

 mordants, with different coloring sub- 

 stances, is of paramount importance to 

 the dyer. 



After having received the proper mor- 

 dants, the goods are dried and rinsed, 

 after which they are passed for a shorter 

 •or longer time through an infusion, de- 

 coction, or solution of the dyeing 

 materials which constitute the dye-bath, 

 they are again dried and rinsed. In 

 many cases the immersion in the dye- 

 bath is repeated, either with the same 

 materials or others, to vary or modify the 

 ■color. After the substances have been 

 properly dyed, they are subjected to a 

 thorough rinsing or washing in soft water, 

 until the latter runs off uncolored. 



DYES (Aniline), General Bules. — It is 

 very important, especially when light and 

 bright shades of aniline colors are required, 

 to have a pure water-bath, free from all 

 foreign ingredients, which may be inju- 

 rious to the dye. 



In dyeing with aniline colors, it is 

 essential to use only wooden or tin ves- 

 sels; copper or iron is very injurious to 

 the color. For family dyeing, any earth- 

 •en or enameled basin will do. 



When sulphuric acid is mentioned in 

 our recipes, the common commercial 

 quality is meant. 



Where woolen yarns contain much 

 grease, it is important to wash them well 

 in a bath of soda and soap, at a tempera- 

 ture of ioo° to 120 Fahr. 



In speaking of temperature, the Fah- 

 renheit scale is always understood. 



DYES, Anilines, Quantity to be Used. 

 — One pound of aniline dyes the follow- 

 ing quantity of goods a medium shade : 



Aniline Red — One ounce dyes 19 

 pounds wool, or i2}4 pounds of cotton, 

 or 9 l A pounds of silk. 



Crimson — Same proportion as aniline 

 red. 



Blue or Violet — One ounce dyes 15^ 

 pounds of wool, or 9^ pounds of cot- 

 ton, or 7^ pound of silk. 



Brown or Yellow — One ounce dyes 

 li}4 pounds of wool, or 7^ pounds of 

 silk. 



Green, oxidized Powder — One ounce 

 dyes 32^ pounds of silk (night green). 



Green, Iodine Paste — One ounce dyes 

 ^ of a pound silk (atlas night green). 



Picric Acid — One ounce dyes 16 

 pounds of wool or silk, yellow; 17^ to 

 18 pounds of wool, green, according to 

 shade. 



DYES, Aniline Blue, Soluble in Water 

 — Reddish Blue, or Blue de Lyons. 

 Bluish Blue, or Blue Blue. English Opal, 

 or night Blue. 



Dissolve the blues by boiling in suffi-- 

 cient water, and filter the solution through 

 paper, flannel or shirting. If a sediment 

 remains mix it with sulphuric acid, and 

 boil again with more water. 



DYEING, on Wool— Recipe a. For 

 every twenty pounds of goods mix one- 

 half pound of good starch with cold 

 water, so as to make a thick paste, then 

 add to it i}( pounds of sulphuric acid, 

 and put the whole with the dye, into the 

 bath; stir and let it boil well before 

 taking the goods into it. This recipe is 

 liked well for both light and dark shades. 



Recipe b. For every ten pounds of 

 goods add to the bath one-halt to one 

 pound dissolved gum arabic; then sour 

 the bath with sulphuric acid till it obtains 

 a perceptibly sour or biting taste. The 

 goods are then dyed in the usual manner, 

 but care must be taken in not adding the 

 dye all at once ; it has to be done in two or 

 three installments, letting the goods boil 

 a few minutes during the intervals. The 

 bath will at first show a very light ap- 

 pearance, which must not induce the 

 dyer to add too much of the dye, be- 

 cause the color develops itself during the 

 process of dyeing, particularly through 

 the boiling, which results in the fine, in- 

 tensive and even color of the goods. The 

 use of gum arabic has proved successful 

 in obtaining the utmost beauty and clear- 

 ness of color, and at the same time the 

 utmost use of all the dye. 



It the bath after using it once, is to be 

 used for the second lot of goods, only 

 one-half to three-fourths pound of gum 

 arabic, and of course proportionately less 

 sulphuric acid than in the first instance 

 need be added: and for the third lot 

 only half the quanity of gum arabic as 



