INTRODUCTION 



Ills, which means without a true stem and leaves, in 

 the sense that these terms are used in connection with 

 the higher plants. Some lichens are flat, more or less 

 disk-shaped; some are erect and have a hollow, stem- 

 like structure which is often branched; while others are 

 thread-like and hang from trees. 



The stiff, shrubby growth called *' reindeer moss," the 

 winter food of the reindeer; the ''red- tipped moss" with 

 bright-red fruit-caps; and the "beard moss" which 

 hangs like a gray beard from old trees, are all lichens. 



Sea mosses (Algae) belong, with the lichens and 

 fungi, to a lower order than the land mosses. Although 

 the true mosses grow on cliffs by the sea, they nev«r 

 grow in salt water as the algae do. Irish moss used in 

 cooking is an alga. 



The so-called "club mosses" (Lycopodiaceae) are 



Lycopodium luciduliim 

 Reduced 



Lycopodium obscurum 

 Reduced 



CLUB MOSSES 



