220 



THE HEMLOCK. 



2" long, each with 10-20 anthers. The pollen grains are 

 single. The ? aments are terminal, ovoid, 3" long, composed 

 of imbricated green scales (carpels). The fruit is an oblong 

 brown cone three-fourths of an inch long, pendant on the ends 

 of the slender branchlets. The scales are about 20, rounded, 

 2-seeded. The seeds are winged, nahed as in the Pines. 

 This is Ahies Canadensis. 



The Order. — From these examples the student will 

 apprehend the nature of the Conifers (Conifers) or Cone- 

 bearers. 



Trees and shrubs with resinous juice. 



Leaves evergreen, awl-shaped or needle-shaped. 



Flowers in aments, monoecious, without calyx or corolla. 



Ovary an open scale 2-ovuled, with no stigma. 



Seeds with pericarp, truly naked. 



Classification. — With their wood growing by external 

 layers and the embryo of 2 or more cotyledons, the 



Coniferse are Exogens. But 

 they differ from other Exo- 

 gens in having no stigma, 

 and open caiyels never in- 

 closing the naked seeds. 

 Hence the division of the 

 Exogens into two classes 

 — the Gymnosperms {gym- 

 nos, naked, speriaa, seeds), 

 including the Coniferae, and 

 the Angiosperms {angios, a 

 vessel, and spenna), includ- 

 ing all other Exogens. 



5, Pitted wood-cells of Pine greatly mag- 

 nified ; m, medullary rays. 



The Conifers. — Here are 

 associated 20 genera and 100 

 species, "sons of the forest and forest kings, gigantic in size, noble in 

 aspect, robust in constitution." They inhabit all climates, but are most 



