98 INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 



which province it extended into Russia. In 1808 to 

 1813 it extended from Constantinople to Odessa, to 

 Smyrna, and to various localities in Transylvania. It 

 also prevailed about the same time in Bosnia and 

 Dalmatia. In 1812 to 1814 it prevailed in Egypt, 

 and, as usual, was conveyed from there to European 

 countries. During the same year it prevailed extens- 

 ively in Moldavia, Wallachia, and Bessarabia. In 

 1831 it again prevailed as an epidemic in Constanti- 

 nople and various parts of Roumelia, and again it 

 appeared in Dalmatia in 1840 and in Constantinople 

 in 1841. Egypt, which for centuries had been the 

 principal focus from which plague had been intro- 

 duced into Europe, continued to suffer from the 

 disease until 1845, when it disappeared from that 

 country. 



The last appearance of Oriental plague in Europe, 

 until its recent introduction into Portugal, was the 

 outbreak on the banks of the Volga in 1878-79. 

 The disease had previously prevailed in a mild form 

 in the vicinity of Astrakhan and was probably intro- 

 duced from that locality. An interesting fact in con- 

 nection with this epidemic is that in Astrakhan the 

 disease was so mild that no deaths occurred, and that 

 the earlier cases on the right bank of the Volga were 

 of the same mild form, but that the disease there in- 

 creased rapidly in severity, and soon became so ma- 



