TYPHOID FEVER 135 



sanitary regulations, but also because the individual 

 soldiers are very susceptible to infection, owing to 

 their age, the abrupt change in their mode of life, the 

 exposure and fatigue incident to camp life, and last, 

 but not least, their own imprudence as regards eating, 

 drinking, exercise, etc. In the absence of sewers or 

 other adequate means of removing excreta, the camp 

 site is likely to become infected by the discharges of 

 unrecognised cases of typhoid fever, and typhoid ba- 

 cilli are carried by flies to the kitchen and mess-tents 

 and deposited upon food, or as dust are directly de- 

 posited upon the mucous membranes of the respira- 

 tory passages of those living in the infected camp. 



It must be remembered, also, that typhoid bacilli 

 are frequently present in great numbers in the urine 

 of typhoid-fever cases, and that this is a prolific source 

 of infection of the ground under the conditions exist- 

 ing in camps. The presence of typhoid bacilli in 

 immense numbers in the urine of convalescents from 

 typhoid has been repeatedly demonstrated, and in 

 view of this fact it is evident that measures of disin- 

 fection should be continued until all danger of propa- 

 gating the disease in this way has passed. 



The outbreaks of typhoid fever in cities, which 

 have frequently been traced to infected milk, and in 

 which the cases are often limited to those who use 

 the milk from a particular dairy, are primarily due to 



