IN COLORING AND STRUCTURE. 191 



The instances given by Darwin which strongly 

 sustain his view are drawn from specimens of a 

 South American genus, Epicalia, found in the 

 rich cabinet of Mr. Bates, who travelled so long 

 upon the Amazons. The facts as stated are these : 

 There are twelve species of the genus Epicalia dis- 

 cussed ; of these nine have gaudy males and plain 

 females, one has plain male and plain female, and 

 two have gaudy males and gaudy females. The 

 plain females, he adds, " resemble each other in 

 their general type of coloration, and likewise re- 

 semble both sexes in several allied genera found 

 in various parts of the world." To examine this 

 case fairly would need a large collection of exotic 

 butterflies. If we confine ourselves to Epicalia 

 we evidently cannot say whether the gaudy or the 

 plain coloring be normal. There would be less 

 variation from the standard on the supposition 

 that the gaudy were the normal color ; and in 

 this case it is the female which has departed from 

 the type ; but the difference is not enough to 

 form an objection ; it is only when we look out- 

 side of Epicalia that judgment seems to lean 

 toward Darwin's side ; but, from the total want 

 of material, I cannot fairly discuss the point, and 

 can certainly see no flaw in his argument. 



Take, however, a case which appears to be 

 somewhat parallel, our native coppers, we have 

 one species in which both sexes are fiery red [see 



