242 A NCESTR Y A ND CLA SSI PICA TION. 



centre of the wings, especially of the front pair ; 

 third, chequered species, black and white above, 

 but below pale and sometimes washed with dashes 

 of brown and yellow. In addition, the front 

 wings of the male, especially in the first two types, 

 often bore patches of peculiar, probably lustreless 

 scales, next the base of the lower median inter- 

 space. When at rest, the wings were fully or 

 almost fully expanded, and the places on which 

 they chose to alight were the upper surface of 

 leaves or the ground. 



All the legs were perfectly developed, the tibiae 

 and tarsi spined above, the latter also furnished 

 with a pair of longer spines at the tip and middle 

 of all the legs ; the tarsi were longer than the tibia, 

 the first joint as long as all the others, and the last 

 supplied at tip with claws and pad and special 

 hairs. Finally, the primeval butterfly was single- 

 brooded and wintered in the chrysalis state. 



When now we come to consider what modifica- 

 tions of this primeval type exist at the present 

 day, that is, how butterflies should be grouped 

 into their various tribes, we may venture at the 

 outset to remark that progress in the classi- 

 fication of butterflies, or in the appreciation of 

 their true inter-relationships has been grievously 

 checked by the very charm which so often attracts 

 men to their study. There is such a rage for 

 their collection by amateurs, enchanted only by 



