The Lactometer and its Application. 107 



Per cent, water added to original milk 

 _ N _100 X leg. stand, for sol. not fat rr\n 



= ( x ) = a (.-*-*/ 



100 X 9 



In the example given above, 100 = 20 per 



i Q 



cent, of water was added to the original milk. 



c. Watering and skimming. If a sample has been both 

 watered and skimmed, the extent of watering is ascer- 

 tained by means of formula (III) or (IV), and the fat 

 abstracted found according to the following formula: 



Per cent, fat abstracted = 



leg. stand . for sol . not fat , , r . 

 (x)=leg. stand, for fat -Xf . (V) 



b 



Example: A sample of milk contains 2.4 per cent, of fat 

 and 8.1 per cent, solids not fat; then 



Extraneous water in milk=100-?^ =10 per cent. 



y 



Q y 2 4 

 Fat abstracted = 3 - * =.33 per cent. 



O.I 



100 ft>s. of the milk contained 10 Ibs. of extraneous water and 

 .33 Ibs. of fat had been skimmed from it. 



For methods of detection of other adulterations and of 

 preservatives in dairy products, see Chapter X, 281 

 et seq. 



