PART I. MORPHOLOGY. 



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from the axils of the leaves of an ordinary shoot of the same year; they 

 usually elongate but slightly each year, but they may, under certain cir- 

 cumstances, develope into ordinary shoots. In the Scotch Pine, the dwarf- 

 shoots bear only two green leaves, in addition to scaly leaves ; they arise 

 in the axils of the scaly leaves of the ordinary shoots of the same year, and 



Fio. 13. Various forms of shoots. A Tubers of Helianthm tuberoses (i nat. size); 

 lower part of the stem springing from last year's tuber fc'; in the axils of the upper 

 leaves arise the buds Jen, and in those of the lower leaves the tubers fc with very small scaly 

 leaves and buds. B Bulb of Hyacinthut orientals (reduced); fc the discoid stem, z the scaly 

 leaves, the stalk which subsequently elongates and bears the flowers above ground, with 

 the bads b ; I foliage-leaves ; w roots ; Icn an axillary bud which becomes next year's bulb. 

 C Elongated rhizome of Care* Arenaria (i) ; scaly leaves n ; a erect shoot with scaly and 

 foliage-leaves I. D Runner of the Strawberry, Fragaria (reduced), springing from the 

 plant o, with scaly leaves ti, from the axil of which a new leafy shoot b arises. E Creeping 

 shoot of the Ground Ivy, Glchomo hederacea (reduced) ; //decussate leaves ; the internodes 

 are twigted ; a axillary shoot ; w root. 



they fall off when the leaves die. In dicotyledonous trees, these dwarf- 

 shoots occur especially in advanced age, or when the growth of the tree 

 is stunted. They are very conspicuous in the Apple, Pear, and other 



