418 



PAET IV. CLASSIFICATION. 



year, as the Wheat ; and biennials, which do not blossom until the 

 second year of their life, when they perish, as the Turnip, Carrot, 

 Beetroot, etc. By polycarpous plants are meant such as produce 

 flowers and fruit year after year ; such are trees and shrubs, as 

 also many herbaceous plants which have underground rhizomes, 

 tubers, etc. 



The sub-kingdom Phanerogamia falls into two natural divisions ; 

 the one containing but a single class : the other, two classes. 



GROUP IV. GYMNOSPERM.E. 



Sporophytic Characters. The ovule is not enclosed in an ovary, 

 nor is there any style or stigma : in pollination, the pollen-grain 

 enters the micropyle and comes into direct contact with the 

 nacellus: the flowers are never monoclinous, and are generally 

 without a perianth : there are no companion-cells in the phloem, 

 and the secondary wood does not (except Gnetacese) contain true 

 vessels. 



Gametophytic Characters. The female prothallium is com- 

 pletely formed before fertilisation : the female organ is generally a 

 well-developed archegonium : the male cell is sometimes a sper- 

 matozoid. 



CLASS 8. G-YMNOSPERALE 

 GROUP V. ANGIOSPERM.E. 



Sporophytic Characters. The ovule is enclosed in an ovary, and 

 there is always a stigma : the pollen-grain does not come into 

 direct relation with the ovule, but falls upon the stigma and 

 germinates there : the flowers are commonly monoclinous and 

 possess a perianth : there are companion-cells in the phloem, 

 and the secondary wood generally includes true vessels. 



Gamctophytic Characters. The female prothallium is only 

 partly formed before fertilisation : the female organ is a reduced 

 unicellular archegonium : the male cell is never a spermatozoid. 



CLASS 9. MONOCOTYLEDONES. CLASS 10. DICOTYLEDOXES. 



