444 



PART IV. CLASSIFICATION. 



the internode (termed anthophore) between the calyx and the corolla, 

 as in Lychnis and some other Caryophyllacese ; that (termed gono- 

 phorc) between the corolla and the androecium, as in the Passion- 

 Flower, and in Orchids where the styles adhere to it forming 

 the gynostemium or column ; that (termed gynophore) between 

 the andrcesium and the gynseceum, as in some Gentians and some 

 Cruciferse. 



When the axis grows, as is usually the case, equally in all parts, 

 the gynseceum, being nearest to its apex, is the uppermost part of 

 the flower. When this is the case its insertion is above that of 

 the androecium and perianth (Fig. 261 fl), and the ovary is said to 

 be superior and the flower hypogynous, as in Ranunculus, Papaver, 

 Lilium, and Primula. But in a great number of plants the 

 perianth and androecium are raised by the intercalary growth of a 



FIG. 261. Diagram of H hypogynous; P perigynous; E epigynous flowers; a axis 

 fc calyx ; c corolla ; sstamsns; /carpels; n stigma; sfc ovule. 



lower portion of the axis (as represented by the outer portion of the 

 torus) and stand on a circular rim surrounding the apex of the 

 axis which lies at a lower level. Of this condition two different 

 forms occur : in the one, the carpels are inserted in the depression 

 at the apex of the axis (Fig. 261 P), and there form one or more 

 ovaries free from it, primarily at least, though they may sub- 

 sequently become adherent to it ; in such cases, as in the Rose and 

 Apple, the flower is said to be perigynous : in the other, the car- 

 pels spring from the upper rim of the cavity which is formed by 

 the axis itself and simply cover it in at the top ; such flowers are 

 said to be epigynous, and the ovary to be inferior, e.g. Gfourds and 

 Umbelliferae (Fig. 261 E). Many transitional forms between these 

 two extremes are found. 



Stipules are sometimes developed in connexion with the floral 



