476 



PART IV. CLASSIFICATION". 



the fruit may have one loculus, as in the Grape and the Gourd, or several 

 loculi, as in the Orange ; and further, it may be superior, as in the Grape, 

 Orange, and Lemon ; or inferior, as in the Currant, the Gooseberry, and 

 the Gourd ; it is, as a rule, developed from a syncarpous ovary, but a mo- 

 nomerous berry occurs in Actaea (Ranunculacese). 



When the fruit is apocarpous and consists of many achenes, 

 drupels, or follicles, it is termed an etcerio ; for instance, the fruit 

 of the Buttercup, the Rose, and the Strawberry is an etaerio of 

 achenes ; that of the Raspberry and the Blackberry is an etserio 

 of drupels; that of the Tulip-Tree and 

 of the Magnolia is an etserio of follicles. 



The Angiosperms are subdivided as 

 follows : 



Class IX. MONOCOTYLEDONES : the 

 embryo has usually a single terminal 

 cotyledon, and the growing-point of the 

 primary stem is developed laterally : the 

 vascular bundles of the stem are closed : 

 the leaves commonly have parallel ve- 

 nation ; the flower belongs usually to 

 the pentacyclic trimerous type. 



Class X. DICOTYLEDON ES : the em- 

 bryo has usually two opposite cotyledons, 

 and the growing-point of the primary 

 stem is developed terminally : the vas- 

 cular bundles of the stem are usually 



open : the leaves commonly have reticulate venation: the structure 

 of the flower varies, but it frequently belongs to the pentacyclic 

 pentamerous type. 



FIG. 290. Longitudin; 

 tion of the drupe of the Almond : 

 the seed attached by the fun- 

 icle(/); the hard endocarp ; 

 in the mesocarp; and x the 

 epicarp these constitute the 

 pericarp (p). 



CLASS IX. MONO-GOT YLEDOXES. 



Although the seed frequently contains endosperm, it contains 

 none in certain orders ; namely, the Orchidacese, most aquatic 

 Monocotyledons (Alismales, Hydrocharidacese), and in some genera 

 of Aracese. In the Scitaminese perisperm is always present in the 

 seed, either together with endosperm (Zingiberacese), or without 

 endosperm (Musacese, Marantacese). In the albuminous seeds, the 

 embryo is usually small in proportion to the endosperm (Fig. 

 291 I, e, c) 



Whilst the single cotyledon of the embryo is, as a rule, terminal, 



