GROUP V. ANGIOSPERM.E ; DICOTYLEDON ES. 



Order 1. RUBIACILE. Flowers regular, 4- or 5-merous : calyx 

 leafy or suppressed : corolla with valvate aestivation : ovary 1- or 

 2-locular, consist- 

 ing of 2 carpels, 1- 

 or many - seeded : 

 seed usually con- 

 taining endosperm : 

 leaves decussate, 

 stipulate : stipules 

 (see p. 30) often 

 similar to the true 

 leaves (Fig. 390 A, 

 n n) : the true 

 leaves are distin- 

 guished by the 

 branches which 

 arise in their axils 

 (Fig. 390 4 //,**). 



FIG. 390. A Portion of a stem of Bubia Ttnctorum : ff the 

 decussate leaves with the yonng shoots (s ) in their axils ; 

 n n the free stipules resembling the leaves (nat size). B 

 Flower (mag.) : /ovary ; k calyx (rudimentary) ; c corolla; a 

 anthers ; n stigma. 



Sub-order 1. STEL- 

 LATE. Stipules large 

 and leafy: loculi 1- 

 seeded. 



Galium, Bedstraw, 

 has a rotate 4-lobed 

 corolla and an in- 

 conspicuous calyx, 

 usually tetramerous : 6. verum, Mollugo, Aparine, and others are com- 

 mon in hedges and pastures. Asperula has an infundibuliform corolla, 

 but in other respects the flower resembles that of Galium ; A. odorata, the 

 Wood-ruff, is common : A. cynanchica is the Squinancy-wort. Rubia Tinc- 

 torum, the Dyer's Madder, has a pentamerous flower, a rotate 5-lobed 

 corolla, and a baccate fruit ; it is used in dyeing and largely cultivated ; 

 it is indigenous in Southern Europe and the East ; it is closely allied to 

 the British species R. peregrina, the Wild Madder. Sherardia has a 

 tubular 4-lobed corolla, and a conspicuous calyx with a 4-6 toothed limb 

 which persists on the top of the fruit ; S. arvensis, the Field Madder, is 

 found in cultivated and waste places. 



Sub-order 2. COFFEEJE. Stipules scaly : loculi 1-seeded. 



Coffea arabica, the Coffee-tree of Africa, is grown in the tropics ; the fruit, 

 a berry, contains one or two seeds ; the so-called coffee-bean is the seed, 

 which consists of hard endosperm and contains a small embryo. Cephaelis 

 yields Ipecachuana. 



Sub-order 3. CIXCHOXE.E. Stipules scaly ; loculi many-seeded. 



Various species of Cinchona, indigenous to the eastern slopes of the 



