GROUP V. ANGIOSPERMJS ; DICOTYLEDOXES. 579 



Order 3. COMPOSITE. The flowers are always collected into 

 many-flowered capitula (sometimes only 1 -flowered) ; different 

 kinds of flowers ( $ , ? , or sterile) generally present in the same 

 head: ovary dimerous, unilocular, with a basal, erect, anatropous 

 ovule : the calyx is rarely present in the form of small leaves or 

 scales (Fig. 397 D, p) ; more commonly it is a crown of simple or 

 branched hairs (pappus; Figs. 396 p', 397.4, E, p}, and is not 

 developed till after the flowering is over ; sometimes the calyx 

 is wholly wanting : corolla tubular, either regular, and 5-toothed 

 (Figs. 396 A, c ; 397 C, w, c), or irregular and expanded at the 

 upper end into a lateral limb with 3 or 5 teeth (Figs. 396 B ; 397 

 B, ra ; 397 .4, c), when it is said to be ligulate : the stamens are 

 short, inserted upon the corolla (Fig. 396 A, st) ; the anthers are 

 elongated and syngenesious, forming a tube through which the 

 style passes (Figs. 396 A, a) : this is bifid at its upper end (Fig. 

 396 A, n ; 397 A and (7, n) : on each of these branches the stig- 

 matic papillae are arranged in two rows : in the wholly ? flowers 

 the styles are usually shorter (Fig. 396 B, g~) : fruit a cypsela (p. 

 473), crowned by the pappus (Fig. 397 A, E, D, p) when it is 

 present (Fig. 397 F, /) : sometimes the fruit has its upper end 

 prolonged into a beak, and its surface is covered with ridges or 

 spines (Fig. 397 E) : seed without endosperm. 



Usually herbs with scattered (more rarely decussate), exstipulate 

 leaves, often with milky latex. The capitula are always surrounded 

 by a number of bracts forming an involucre (Fig. 397 B, C, i). 

 The scaly bracteoles of the individual florets (paleae) may be present 

 or wanting (Fig. 397 C, d). 



The Composite are classified according to the form of the 

 flowers and to the distribution of the different kinds of flowers in 

 the inflorescence. 



Sub-order I. TDBCLIFLOBJE. The capitula either consists entirely of 5 

 tubular florets (by tubular flowers are meant those with a regular 5- 

 toothed corolla); or the central florets (florets of the disc) are tubular and 

 ? (Fig. 396 A), whereas the florets of the ray are ligulate and ? or sterile 

 and form one or two rows (Figs. 396 B ; 397 B and C, ra). 



Tribe 1. Eupatoriece. Leaves mostly opposite : flowers all tubular, ? 

 the branches of style narrow ; papillae extending to the middle. 



Eupatorium cannabinum, the Hemp Agrimony, is common in damp 

 places. 



Tribe 2. Asteroldece. Leaves alternate : ray-florets ? or sterile, gener- 

 ally ligulate: branches of the style hairy above, papillae extending to 

 where the hairs begin. Many species of Aster, belonging chiefly to North 



