GROUP V. ANGIOSPERM.E ; DICOTYLEDONES. 581 



tacle destitute of palese : Anthemis nobilis, the Common Chamomile, has a 

 receptacle bearing paleae, as also A. arvensis, the Corn Chamomile: Achillea 

 Millefolium is the Milfoil, or Yarrow : Tanacetum vulgare is the Tansy : 

 Diotis maritima is the sea-side Cotton-weed. 



Tribe 5. Helianthoidece. Leaves opposite : ray-florets or ligulate 

 yellow, $ or sterile : branches of style as in Asteroidese. 



Bidens is common in wet places. Galinsoga is naturalized in England. 

 Helianthus annuus is the Sunflower; oil is extracted from the seeds: the 

 tubers of H. tuberosus, a AVest Indian species, are rich in inulin (p. 83), 

 and serve as a vegetable (Jerusalem Artichoke). Species of Zinnia, Bud- 

 beckia, Dahlia, and Coreopsis are cultivated. 



Tribe 6. Helenioidece. .Resemble the Helianthoidese, but the receptacle 

 is without paleae. Species of Helenium, Tagetes, Gaillardia, are commonly 

 cultivated as garden flowers. 



Tribe 7. Inuloidece. Leaves alternate : ray-florets frequently ligulate, 

 ? , yellow : anthers appendiculate at base. 



In Inula (7. ffelenium, the Elecampane), Pulicaria (P. dyssnterica, the 

 Fleabane), and others, the ray-florets are ligulate ; whereas, in other genera, 

 Gnaphalium (the Cudweed), Filago, Antennaria, the ray-florets are fili- 

 form ; Antennaria is dioecious. 



Tribe 8. Cynarece. Flowers all tubular, the outer ones sometimes $ or 

 sterile: style thickened below the branches: anthers often appendiculate 

 at base : leaves generally armed with spines, alternate. 



Arctium Lappa (A. majus), the Burdock, is common by roadsides ; the 

 leaves of the involucre are hooked and spinous. Carduus nutans and crispus 

 are the common (true) Thistles; Cnicus lanceolatus, palustris, pratensis 

 (Plume-Thistles), are common in damp districts. Carlina vulgaris is the 

 Carline-Thistle ; the inner leaves of the involucre, which are white, fold 

 over the flower-head under the influence of moisture, but in drought spread 

 widely open. Onopordon Acanthium is the Scottish or Cotton Thistle. Cen- 

 taurea Scabiosa and nigra, the Knapweeds, are common everywhere: C. 

 Cyanus is the Corn-flower or Bluebottle, occurring in wheat-fields. Cynara 

 Scolymus is the Globe-Artichoke ; the flower-buds are eaten as a vegetable. 

 Carttiamus tinctorict, the Safflower, is used in dyeing. In Echinops, the 

 Globe-Thistle, numerous one-flowered capitula are collected into one large 

 spherical head. Saussurea and Serratula are the Saw-worts. 



Tribe 9. Calendulece. Kay-florets ? and usually ligulate : disc-florets 

 usually sterile. 



Calendula officinalis, the Pot-Marigold, is a familiar garden plant. 



Sub-order II. LABIATIFLOR.E. The $ disc-florets have a regular or a 

 bilabiate corolla; the ray-florets have usually a bilabiate corolla. 



Tribe 10. Mulisiece. This tribe includes all the Composite with a bila- 

 biate corolla : they come mostly from South America. Mutisia is one of 

 the few climbing genera : it climbs by means of leaf-tendrils. 



Sub-order III. LIGULIFLOR.E. All the florets are $ ; limb of the corolla 

 5-toothed and ligulate (Fig. 397 A). 



Tribe 11. Cichoriece. Mostly herbs, all containing latex in laticiferous 

 vessels (Fig. 80, p. 99). 



