I4 ELEMENTARY ZOOLOGY. 



the like; "sow-bugs"; crayfish; fishes; tadpoles; toads, 

 frogs, lizards, turtles, and snakes. In addition to these, 

 specimens of birds and mammals will be seen. 



In one such outing the members of the class may easily 

 find illustrations of more than one-half of the great 

 branches of the animal kingdom, and gain a general idea 

 of their conditions of life. 



[In identifying the specimens the student should use the figures 

 and descriptions in all text-books .of Zoology available to him. 

 Chapter III of this book may be studied in this connection, and the 

 "key" on pages 23 and 24 will probably help in the first steps of the 

 classification.] 



1 6. Suggestion to the Teacher. After the collected materials 

 have been studied and roughly classified, new excursions should 

 be planned to revise, to fix, and to extend the impressions gained 

 from the first collecting trip. These will also be necessary in order 

 to get more materials for the laboratory study. This is the time 

 for division of labor among the pupils, in the collection and field 

 study of particular types of animals. Such work as has now been 

 outlined will serve as the foundation for future individual assign- 

 ments in ecology and in animal behavior. 



Some such study as is suggested in the last sentence should be 

 assigned to each pupil early in the year as "calendar work." Some 

 species of animals (or even a larger group) should be studied during 

 the year, and a report of the observations made to the class near the 

 close of the year. Common species pf birds, insects, spiders, fishes, 

 frogs or toads, reptiles, or mammals may profitably be used. First- 

 hand studies of the animal pets or of the other domesticated or 

 semi-domesticated animals are quite as worth while as of the wild 

 forms. Manner of life, individual variation, changes in behavior 

 at different times of year, migration, hibernation, time of repro- 

 duction, care of young, and many other similar subjects should be 

 studied. 



In this work it is possible to select numerous types of animals that 

 are quite important to man, both directly and indirectly. To 

 mention flies, mosquitoes, cut-worms, clothes-moth, toads, robins, 

 hawks, and rabbits will suggest many others equally as interesting 

 and important. 



